湖南省农业面源污染与农村水环境质量的响应关系分析

为揭示农业面源污染与农村水环境质量的响应关系,以湖南省46个区县为研究对象,核算了2019年种植业、畜禽养殖业、水产养殖业及农村生活污水中化学需氧量、总氮、总磷、铵态氮(COD、TN、TP、NH+4-N)的排放量,采用水污染指数法量化了农村地表水水质类别,对农业面源等标污染负荷、单位国土面积和单位地表径流等标污染负荷与水质类别值进行了相关性分析。结果表明:农业面源污染的主要来源是畜禽养殖和农村生活污水,主要污染物是TN;COD的主要来源是畜禽养殖业,TP的主要来源是农村生活污水,而TN和NH+4-N的主要来源是种植业和畜禽养殖业。46个区县中,农村水体水质类别为Ⅲ类及以下的区县有19个,Ⅳ类15个、Ⅴ类7个、劣Ⅴ类5个,TN是造成水质较差的主要定类指标。等标污染负荷与水质类别无明显相关性,而单位国土面积和单位地表径流等标污染负荷与水质类别均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.979 2、0.993 3;4种污染物中,COD单位国土面积和单位地表径流等标污染负荷与水质类别无明显相关性,而TN、TP、NH+4-N与水质类别呈正相关,是湖南农村水体水质变化的主要影响因子,其中TN是水质类别的决定性因子。利用本研究所得响应关系函数模型可以初步预测农村水体水质类别,进而有效降低农村水环境质量监测的难度和成本,同时为不同类别农业污染源监管提供科学依据。     

抽蓄机组甩负荷过程压力脉动及流动噪声仿真

为了研究水泵水轮机发电模式下甩负荷过渡过程压力脉动特性及其对流动诱导噪声的影响,以国内某抽水蓄能电站机组为研究对象,基于网格壁面滑移技术与分离涡湍流模型,通过ANSYS软件对瞬态流场进行数值模拟计算,并将所得流场信号作为声场源在LMS软件中进一步开展流动诱导噪声的仿真.结果表明因2个无叶区流态分别受动静干涉(固定导叶与活动导叶间)与动动干涉(活动导叶与转轮间)影响,导叶两侧压力变化趋势完全不同.转轮流道内压力脉动主频位置在叶频St为0.676 3处,水泵水轮机内声场噪声分布呈现明显的偶极子特性,小流量(0.2Q_BEP以下)时内场声压变化相对剧烈,最大声压值高达130.00 dB,最小声压为9.67 dB.不同时刻外声场声压级表现出极为相似的波动性,整体趋势表现为声源强度随流量减小而增加,但是流量变化对噪声指向性分布型式并无影响,说明对水泵水轮机内部压力脉动情况改善有助于降低流动诱导噪声水平.     

基于Plackett-Burman试验设计与响应面法优化玉米秸秆离散元模型

为了减小免耕播种机防堵装置数值模拟的误差,结合物理试验与仿真试验进行玉米秸秆离散元参数的标定。基于Hertz-Mindlin with bonding 接触模型建立了玉米秸秆离散元模型,以物理试验与仿真试验中临界载荷的相对误差为试验指标进行仿真单轴压缩试验;采用Plackett-Burman试验筛选出具有显著性影响的试验因素;采用Box-Behnken响应面法对玉米秸秆离散元模型进行优化。试验结果表明:接触半径和单位面积切向刚度对试验指标影响极显著(P<0.01),单位面积法向刚度对试验指标影响显著(0.01<P<0.05);玉米秸秆的最优离散元参数为,接触半径1.2 mm、单位面积法向刚度9.361×10⁷ N/m³、单位面积切向刚度9.845×10⁷ N/m³,在此条件下,仿真压缩试验的临界载荷为950.2 N,与物理试验值935.4 N的相对误差为1.58%,验证了参数的可靠性。标定的玉米秸秆离散元模型可用于免耕播种机防堵装置的数值模拟,为防堵装置结构优化改进提供了依据。     

Limnological changes in a sub‐tropical shallow hypertrophic lake during its restoration: two years of a whole‐lake experiment

1. Lake Rodó is a turbid system, a condition attributed to algal biomass. The proximal source of the eutrophication was stormwater discharges from an ill‐defined urban area. This paper describes an attempt to restore the water quality of Lake Rodó, the first time this has been done in Uruguay. In spring 1996 it was drained, sediments were removed and stream inputs were diverted. Groundwater was used to re‐fill the lake. Due to its high nutrient concentration a re‐circulation system was designed, pumping water from associated pools covered with free‐floating plants. 2. After the lake was refilled, the system was characterized by oxygen saturation or over‐saturation, neutral to basic pH, and high phosphorus, nitrogen and silicate concentrations. Ratios of total nitrogen (TN):total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (Chl a):TP indicated that phosphorus was the primary limiting nutrient during the period of groundwater supply. Once groundwater pumping had ceased, there was a decrease in TN:TP and Chl a:TP ratios, suggesting N‐limiting conditions prevailed in some periods. 3. Before restoration, the phytoplankton community was dominated year‐round by Planktothrix agardhii; since restoration the community has been more diverse. This change has favoured grazing by mesozooplankton, and the onset of clear‐water phases in spring. 4. Abundant populations of small omnivorous fish maintained a high predation pressure on zooplankton, restricting the abundance of large‐bodied herbivores, which, in turn, allowed an increase in phytoplanton biomass and a decrease in water transparency. Based on this observation, together with the phosphorus concentration and the low abundance of filamentous cyanobacteria compared with previous studies, we suggest that top‐down control has played a key role in increasing transparency in Lake Rodó. 5. A nutrient reduction programme, by the mechanical harvest of floating plants, and a removal of small omnivorous fishes and stocking strictly with piscivores, could be key factors in the achievement of a stable clear‐water phase. However, if blooms of Microcystis or other similar genera occur in summer, additional measures (e.g. reduction of the hydraulic residence time) will be needed to improve water transparency. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PAL复合菌在养猪发酵床中的应用

为探讨PAL材料替代玉米秸秆粉进行发酵床养猪的可行性,以期为PAL材料用作养猪发酵床垫料提供科学依据。以小麦、玉米和锯木屑制作发酵床垫料为对照,以PAL材料替代玉米秸秆粉制作发酵床养猪,4个月后计算猪平均日增重和料肉比,并检测垫料温度、湿度、N、P、K含量和猪舍H2S、NH3浓度。结果表明,以PAL材料替代30%锯木屑的猪增重效果与对照处理较接近;除了以PAL材料替代30%锯木屑的垫料湿度与对照处理相近外,其他处理则显著或极显著高于对照处理;发酵床垫料中N、P、K含量也是以PAL材料替代30%锯木屑的与对照处理较接近;各处理发酵床猪舍H2S、NH3浓度均低于行业标准的要求。     

河南省沙颍河流域畜禽养殖污染负荷研究

为了解河南省沙颍河流域畜禽养殖业对环境的污染状况,在流域内平顶山、漯河、许昌、郑州、周口5市所辖区域选择猪、鸡、牛的典型养殖场,分季节采集污水和粪尿,进行化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮（NH3 N）含量检测,计算排污系数,结合各市耕地面积,估算畜禽粪便耕地负荷,采用畜禽粪便负荷警报分级方法评价畜禽养殖环境污染状况。结果表明：沙颍河流域内畜禽养殖量占河南省畜禽养殖总量的25·19％,畜禽个体排污系数以牛最大,其次是猪、鸡,流域内年产生畜禽污染物总量为7529·414万 t,各市畜禽污染物产生量大小依次为：周口、平顶山、许昌、郑州、漯河;流域内单位耕地面积平均畜禽粪便负荷为33·07 t/hm2,NH3 N 耕地负荷为43·47 kg/hm2;畜禽粪便负荷警报值在0·51～1·19,警报值级别为Ⅱ～Ⅳ级,其中以平顶山最为严重。说明河南省沙颍河流域内5市的畜禽养殖污染物已经对环境构成了不同程度的污染。     

规模化畜禽养殖场粪便养分数据空间化表征方法

针对目前进行规模化养殖场粪便养分分配,主要以行政单元为单位将规模化养殖统计数据总量按农田面积简单分配,认为所有的农用地之间都是均匀的,而忽视了农用地块之间存在差异性的问题,利用GIS空间分析技术,结合农用地地块间的空间差异性以及规模养殖畜禽粪便作为肥料施用的特殊性,构建了规模化畜禽养殖统计数据空间化算法,并结合农用地最大养分负荷,实现从规模畜禽养殖统计数据到区域畜禽粪便养分供给的空间化转换,最后以福州市闽侯县上街镇为例进行了算法的实际应用。结果表明研究区农用地氮、磷最大养分负荷分别为169.994 kg/hm2和34.973 kg/hm2。无论是畜禽养殖粪便氮养分还是磷养分,都未超过算法设定的阈值。     

重载并联运动模拟台机构动力特性分析

提出一种适用于重载的6UPS-3UPS/UPU-R并联运动模拟台机构。采用电液混合的驱动方式,该机构具有平衡负载重力的特点。对机构进行了动力学分析,得到了平衡平台对运动平台的作用力和电机扭矩计算表达式。提出了平衡效率指标,并研究了平衡分支相关参数对平衡效率的影响。分析了液压缸对运动平台受力和电动缸驱动力的作用。数值分析表明,平衡液压缸的存在能够有效降低电机扭矩,该并联运动模拟台机构能够以较低的制造成本满足高精度、重载的应用需求。     

喷灌水量分布动态模拟与均匀性研究

为研究压力、喷头组合方式和插值方法对喷灌均匀系数CU和分布均匀系数DU这两个评价指标计算结果的影响规律,利用雨量筒径向间隔为1 m的FY RB-471型喷头无风喷洒试验数据,模拟出了喷头在不同压力下的水量分布情况。在喷头矩形组合方式和正三角形组合方式下,采用线性插值、立方插值、三次样条插值、距离插值和平面插值法计算了不同压力下的喷灌均匀系数和分布均匀系数。结果表明,采用三角形组合方式比矩形组合方式计算的喷灌均匀系数CU高1.56~4.77个百分点,同样,三角形组合方式比矩形组合方式计算的分布均匀系数DU高4.26~9.19个百分点;不同的插值方法对喷灌均匀系数与分布均匀系数的计算结果影响不明显,而压力是影响喷灌均匀系数的一个重要因素。     

Effects of changing temperature on benthic marine life in Britain and Ireland

• 1. The coastal waters surrounding Britain and Ireland became warmer during the 20th century and, according to the UK Climate Impact Programme 2002 scenarios of change and other sources, average annual seawater temperatures may rise a further 2°C or more by the 2050s. This warming is part of a global rise in sea‐ and air‐surface temperatures that will cause changes in the distribution and abundance of species.
• 2. Initially, there will not be a wholesale movement northwards of southern species or retreat northwards of northern species, because many additional factors will influence the responses of the different organisms. Such factors include the hydrodynamic characteristics of water masses, the presence of hydrographical and geographical barriers to spread and the life history characteristics (reproductive mode, dispersal capability and longevity) of species. Survey data over the past century show how organisms react to changes of the order of 0.5°C, and in the last two decades, when sea temperatures have risen by as much as 1°C, there have been significant local changes in the distribution of intertidal organisms. These past changes provide a clue to more extensive changes expected in the future if global warming develops as predicted.
• 3. Where species affected by climate change are dominant or key structural or functional species in biotopes, there may be a change in the extent and distribution of those biotopes. Some, dominated by predominantly northern species such as the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus, may decline and reduce their value as rich habitats for marine life. Others, characterized by southern species, for example the sea fan Eunicella verrucosa and the alcyonacean Alcyonium glomeratum, may increase in extent.
• 4. Using information on the life history characteristics of species, their present distribution and other factors, a key supported by a decision tree has been constructed to identify ‘types’ of organism according to their likely response to temperature rise. Conspicuous and easily identified rocky substratum species are good candidates to track change. Using the key, many species are shown as likely to increase their range northwards significantly. In contrast, fewer will decline in abundance and extent in the north. If, as anticipated, global warming continues, then species with distributions already accurately mapped, or being mapped at present, will provide baseline data to test forecasts.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.