活性光合细菌对改善水产养殖体系水质状况的作用初探

在鱼虾育苗、养殖，池塘淡水养鱼以及观赏鱼养殖中，使用以牛肉水提取液为主要培养基培养的活菌数大于50亿／mL的活性光合细菌，测定了使用前后水的pH值、COD值、NH3-N、亚硝酸盐、溶解氧等指标，结果表明：与市场出售的光合细菌(活菌数为25亿／mL)相比，活菌数大于50亿／mL活性光合细菌能明显改善水产养殖体系的水质状况。     

四川丘陵农区地表水水质时空变化与污染现状评价

为分析四川丘陵典型农区种养格局对地表水水质的影响,于2013年3月至2015年2月,在四川丘陵区中江县选择响滩河7个监测断面和流域内4个研究点,研究了种植区、养殖区和种养混合区的地表水水体CODCr、TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和TP的季节性变化规律与空间变化特征,并对地表水质污染现状进行评价。结果表明:响滩河7个监测断面枯水期主要污染物为CODCr、NH4+-N和TP,且分别比年平均值提高15.67%、59.35%和12.83%;丰水期主要污染物为TN,比年平均值提高19.27%。种养格局影响地表水中TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和TP浓度的空间分布特征,不同区域之间养殖区种养混合区种植区;与种植区相比,生猪规模化养殖废污排放是造成种养混合区地表水污染的根本原因,其CODCr、TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和TP浓度分别提高了17.79%、198.15%、132.10%、219.85%、567.57%。规模化养殖显著提高了地表水总污染指数,改变了地表水污染类型,种植区地表水污染类型为兼有CODCr污染的总氮污染型,而养殖区和种养结合区地表水均为兼有总磷污染的总氮污染型;种植区和种养混合区水质均达到劣Ⅴ类水质标准,种植区地表水为轻度污染,养殖区和受养殖业污染影响的种养混合区的地表水均为恶性污染,生猪集中养殖特别是规模化生猪养殖场废污排放加剧了受纳水体的污染程度。从水体污染治理角度,在种植区开展水土养分流失特别是氮素流失控制的同时,亟需加强区域生猪规模化养殖业粪污的无害化资源化循环利用技术研究与应用,以促进四川丘陵区规模养殖业健康发展与长江上游生态环境保护。     

澳大利亚海洋渔业工程发展概况与中澳海洋渔业合作前景分析

海洋渔业经济是海洋经济中重要的组成部分,而海洋渔业工程则是未来海洋渔业经济中极具潜力且可持续发展性较强的领域。中国、澳大利亚两国同为海洋资源、海洋渔业资源大国,未来如何更好利用本国丰富的海洋资源,进一步发展海洋渔业经济是两国面临的共同课题。该研究通过对澳大利亚海洋渔业工程的发展现状及特点进行分析,采用文献档案整理、大数据统计、具体案例分析等方法,梳理澳大利亚海洋渔业工程的优劣势,分析中澳海洋渔业经济合作的基础、优势、困难与挑战,并展望中、澳两国在海洋渔业领域尤其是水产养殖业开展深度合作、实现互利共赢的前景。得出结论,中国与澳大利亚展开海洋渔业经济合作,打通蓝色经济走廊是对中国"一带一路"倡议的重要组成部分,既符合两国的根本利益,互为各自经济的有益补充,又可以一定程度上化解澳大利亚对中国"一带一路"倡议的误解。     

淡水养殖学课程双语教学探索

以黄淮学院淡水养殖学双语课程为例,结合教学的实施过程和自身体会,从教材的选用、课堂教学方案设计、课程网站建设、考核方式等方面对双语教学模式进行了探索,旨在为应用型本科院校双语教学的实践提供参考。     

Dynamical analysis of net cage structures for marine aquaculture: Numerical simulation and model testing

A numerical model for analyzing dynamic properties of a net-cage system exposed in the open sea is proposed. The model is based on a lumped-mass method. In this model, the mooring lines are divided into linear elements and the net cage divided into several plane surface elements. The interconnected points or corners are called nodes or lumped-mass centers. The external force is calculated on each element and then equally distributed to its nodes. By adding the contributed forces from the neighboring elements, a system of motion equations for nodes is formed. The volume reduction coefficient of a net cage is estimated by the ratio of minimum volume of net cage during fluid and structure interaction to the original volume. In general, the numerical results are in good agreements with the experimental data. However, the results also show that if the Reynolds number is lower than the suggested range of 1400–1800, the numerical model may underestimate the environmental forces on a net-cage system.     

Potential effects of global warming on northern European freshwater fish and fisheries

Abstract Global warming is expected to result in considerable changes in northern European freshwater fish populations, fisheries and aquaculture. Shifts towards cyprinid and percid dominance in fish assemblages are expected, together with a decrease and collapse of salmonid and other coldwater fish populations. Most of the evident changes will occur in shallow lakes, where no thermal stratification occurs. The potential ranges of some fish species will shift northwards but pronounced changes will occur in the relative abundance of individual fish species. Total fish production will increase but because of changed composition of fish communities the commercial and recreational value of catches will decrease. Salmonid aquaculture productivity will increase provided that fish farmers adapt to new circumstances and cold, oxygenated water is available in larger quantities during summer.     

Comparison of the API 20E and BBL Crystal E/NF Identification Systems for Differentiating Bacterial Isolates from Apparently Healthy Reared Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

The ability of two commercial rapid identification systems, API 20E and BBL Crystal E/NF, to reliably identify bacterial isolates from the internal organs of reared sea bass were compared. The tests gave different results: API 20E identified bacteria as Pseudomonas spp. with 37% accuracy, while BBL Crystal E/NF identified them as Flavobacterium odoratum with 99% accuracy. Although F. odoratum is not a marine fish pathogen, conventional tests conducted with the same isolates were more indicative of them being Flavobacterium spp. than Pseudomonas spp., suggesting that BBL Crystal E/NF was more reliable in this identification. Both systems were found to be applicable for diagnostics of marine fish pathogens, but should be used with caution because of possible misinterpretation.     

养殖刺参保苗期重大疾病“腐皮综合征”病原及其感染源分析

2003～2005年冬、春季,山东省和辽宁省众多养殖区域的保苗期刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)暴发了较为严重的传染性疾病-"腐皮综合征".该病波及面广,传染性强,死亡率常高达90%以上.发病症状主要表现为厌食、摇头、肿嘴、排脏、身体萎缩、口部溃烂乃至体表大面积溃疡.本研究对症状较为典型的3家海参保苗期的发病幼参进行了详细的病原学分析,从所有病参的病灶组织分离得到了1种占有绝对优势的菌株,经人工感染实验证明它对健康刺参具有较强的致病性,且感染病参的症状与自然发病海参的症状相同.通过形态学、生理生化和16S rDNA分子生物学方法对该菌进行的分类鉴定表明,导致保苗期刺参"腐皮综合征"的致病菌是假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens).同时也对3家养殖场刺参保苗养殖系统进行了分析研究.结果表明,水源中细菌含量不高,为(0.8×102)～(1.2×102)cells/mL,其特征与病灶处优势菌不同;而饵料中细菌含量最高可达3.2×106 cells/mL.饵料、池水和池底污物的优势菌与病灶处优势菌基本一致,说明饵料可能是病原菌的主要来源.本研究首次揭示了"腐皮综合征"导致保苗期刺参大规模死亡的原因及其致病原,对刺参健康养殖和病害防治具有重要的指导意义.     

北方地区松浦镜鲤池塘养殖技术

松浦镜鲤作为新品种的鲤鱼,因其特点受到广大消费者们及水产养殖户们的欢迎,前景相当明朗。目前,北方地区已开始池塘养殖松浦镜鲤,养殖用时为2 a,首年先行培育鱼苗,至次年再对成鱼进行分池放养。     

北京地区养殖鱼类来源嗜水气单胞菌耐药性研究

为揭示北京地区养殖鱼体嗜水气单胞菌的病理学特征以指导科学用药,利用K-B纸片法研究从北京地区养殖鱼体分离得到的29株嗜水气单胞菌(A.hydrophila)对20种抗菌药物的耐药性。结果发现29株嗜水气单胞菌对青霉素类产生耐药率100.00%,对磺胺类、头孢霉素类和四环素类耐药率分别为69.00%、58.60%和41.40%,对大环内酯类、喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类耐药率分别为27.60%、24.10%和24.10%。同时,嗜水气单胞菌对20种抗菌药物也呈现不同程度的多重耐药性,100.00%的菌对3种抗菌药物产生耐药性,41.40%的菌对5种抗菌药物产生耐药性,13.80%的菌对9种抗菌药物耐药。结论:患病鱼体嗜水气单胞菌对阿奇霉素、新霉素和妥布霉素敏感。