海洋养殖柔性网衣结构水动力特性研究进展

发展深水网箱养殖是保障我国粮食及食品安全的长远战略,也是缓解近海网箱养殖环境胁迫力、拓展食物生产空间的必然选择。发展深水网箱养殖首先需要面对的突出挑战是养殖设施在外海恶劣海况下的安全性问题。网衣是深水网箱的主体结构,由于其自身具有高柔性、小尺度的特点,在波浪和水流作用下易出现大位移和大变形的极端响应。当前,网衣结构分析技术已成为我国深水网箱养殖工程技术的薄弱环节,一定程度上制约当前海上养殖网箱向大型化和深水化发展。因此,网衣水动力特性研究对于深远海网箱养殖的发展具有重要意义。本研究系统介绍了计算网衣水动力荷载的主要方法及其适用范围。同时,对网衣动态响应数值计算中的主流建模技术进行了总结和分析。最后,根据目前网衣水动力特性研究中存在的热点问题,提出了网衣流固耦合分析、生物污损分析、数字孪生技术等前沿发展方向,为网衣水动力学分析向数字化、精准化发展提供参考。     

进水流速对圆形循环水养殖池流场特性影响的数值模拟

通过对工厂化循环水养殖进水流速的智能调控,可降低饵料残留,避免水质恶化。为此,本研究采用数值模拟方法探究了进水流速对工厂化循环水养殖池流场特性的影响,并基于该研究设计出一套确定进水流速调控的实验方法。首先,通过对比Standard k-ε、RNG k-ε和Realizable k-ε 3种湍流模型及多种壁面函数的仿真效果,确定RNG k-ε模型和标准壁面函数作为仿真配置。同时,针对多相流模型,对欧拉多相流模型和DPM离散相模型进行对比,为提高计算准确性选用DPM离散相模型,并基于上述模型进行网格无关性验证、制定网格划分方案。其次,以大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)养殖为例,模拟不同进水流速下养殖池流场、排污和水温调节的效果。最后,针对仿真结果提出进水流速调控方案。结果显示,日常采用1.0 m/s的进水流速,可有效提高适宜流速区面积并控制水处理成本;投饵前,采用0.2 m/s的进水流速可以解决循环水养殖中存在的饵料浪费问题;进食结束后,采用1.2 m/s的进水流速可快速排出残饵避免水质恶化;水温异常时,采用15 ℃的水、以1.2 m/s的进水流速注水230 s,可使20 ℃的水下降到正常水平,精准化控制水温。采用本研究提出的方法,可针对不同养殖生物和养殖环境设计进水流速智能调控策略,可用于解决循环水养殖过程中饵料浪费、水质变差和水温异常等问题。     

The pathogenic helminth parasites of eels

Although 63 and 55 species of helminths have been reported from each species of Atlantic eel and from 29 to 19 for each species of Pacific eel only the monogeneans Pseudodactylogyrus bini and P. anguillae and the nematode Anguillicola crassus, originally specific to species of Pacific eels, can be considered serious pathogens. None of the three are normally pathogenic to their preferred natural eel host species in the wild. Pseudodactylogyrus spp. only cause serious local gill damage when present on a host in large numbers under optimal conditions that facilitate transmission. This is the case in eel aquaculture, where infections can be controlled by drugs. Anguillicola crassus is only pathogenic to Anguilla anguilla and A. rostrata when Atlantic eels are introduced to the far east or when the parasites have been introduced to Europe. Here the parasite life cycle differs in that A. crassus can infect a wide range of intermediate hosts, employ paratenic hosts and survive as larvae for months in the swimbladder wall. This makes it an excellent colonizer. Its major pathogenic effects on eels result from haemorrhaging in, and thickening of, the swimbladder wall. It reduces the oxygen concentration in the swimbladder, reducing its ability to function as a hydrostatic organ, and increases the stress response of eels. In shallow lakes at warm temperatures this can result in mass mortalities. It is also feared that the parasite affects the ability of eels to migrate to the Sargasso Sea and so contributes to the decline in eel populations. Control by drug treatment is possible in culture, but not in the wild.     

Culturing freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera: a breakthrough in the conservation of an endangered species

• 1. The freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera L. is globally endangered and is threatened by commercial exploitation, pollution and habitat loss throughout its range. Captive breeding would be a valuable tool in enhancing the status of M. margaritifera in the UK.
• 2. We have developed a semi‐natural system for successfully infecting juvenile brown trout with glochidial M. margaritifera, and culturing juvenile mussels in experimental tanks where glochidial M. margaritifera can excyst from fish gills and settle into sediment.
• 3. Infected fish had less than 1% mortality. Levels of infection varied among fish. Two yearly cohorts of juvenile M. margaritifera were identified from samples of sediment taken from each experimental tank. Individuals range in size from 1.4 mm (2000 cohort) to >3 mm in length (1999 cohort).
• 4. The number of juvenile M. margaritifera present in the two experimental tanks are estimated to be between 3600 (tank A) and 0 (tank B) for the putative 1999 cohort and between 6000 (tank A) and 13 000 (tank B) for the putative 2000 cohort.
• 5. This pioneering method for large‐scale cultivation of juvenile M. margaritifera is intermediate between the release of infected fish into rivers and the intensive cultivation systems developed in continental Europe and the USA for other species of unionid. This is the first time that large numbers of M. margaritifera have been cultured and represents a significant breakthrough in the conservation of this globally endangered Red Data List species. The method is straightforward and is most cost‐effective when undertaken alongside established hatchery processes.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

HPLC-MS/MS快速检测水产品中甲基睾丸酮的研究

用甲基叔丁基醚提取水产样品中的甲基睾丸酮,提取物经C18粉和正己烷净化后,通过电喷雾离子源电离多反应监测(MRM)对甲基睾丸酮作定性和定量分析。结果表明,甲基睾丸酮在1.0～500.0μg/L浓度范围内线性良好(r>0.999);在4.0～200.0μg/kg添加水平下,回收率为80.4～95.2%,相对标准偏差为4.1%～10.5%,检测限为1.0μg/kg(S/N=5)。     

乳酸菌对水产养殖动物抗氧化应激与免疫力影响研究进展

简述了在水产养殖动物中使用乳酸菌所具有的抗氧化应激与免疫力影响的研究现状和作用机理,并描述了其应用前景,以期为乳酸菌制剂在水产动物上的应用提供参考。     

循环水养殖大口黑鲈摄食颗粒饲料的声学特征

为突破智能投饲系统的技术瓶颈,近年来采用被动声学技术开展鱼虾摄食行为研究成为热点之一。该研究主要采用被动声学技术获取单体大口黑鲈（Micropterus salmoides）摄食声信号,从混合信号中提取完善的摄食信号,筛选可作为衡量大口黑鲈摄食活跃度的声学特征参数,以期对摄食活跃度进行量化。根据大口黑鲈喂食期间的同步音频与视频记录,确定信号类别并进行标记,主要提取每次吞食饲料的时域与频域特征,对比各参数与吞食次序之间的相关度。研究结果表明,摄食声信号能量主要集中于4.2～7.4 kHz,且大口黑鲈吞食间隔与吞食次序呈正相关,稳定性较强;而时域特征中的波形振幅极差与频域特征的功率积分值均与吞食次序呈负相关。吞食间隔、振幅极差及功率积分值均可以作为衡量摄食活跃度的量化指标,而共振峰与平均梅尔倒谱系数可作为摄食声识别参数,研究结果可为今后养殖鱼类被动声学智能投饲系统研发提供理论基础。     

基于PIV技术的圆形循环水养殖池流场

为研究进水管的设置距离和角度对双管进水式圆形循环水养殖池水动力特性的影响,该研究通过模型试验的方法,利用粒子图像测速技术（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）测量了不同进水管设置方式下养殖池内的流场。试验设计了3组进水管距池壁距离（进水管与池壁的最近距离,即进水管设置距离d）,每组距离工况下设计了8组进水角度（出水方向与养殖池切线形成的锐角,即进水管设置角度α）。利用PIV技术测量了不同工况下距离池底1 cm水层的流场,从水动力特征量（平均流速vavg和速度均匀系数U）分析进水管设置方式对养殖池水动力特性的影响。试验结果表明进水管设置方式明显影响养殖池的水动力特性：d=0时,随着α的增加,平均流速整体呈现先增大后下降的规律,在α=45°时取得最大值,但流场均匀系数随角度的增加而逐渐增加;d=1/4 r（r为养殖池半径）时,随着α的增加,平均流速和流场均匀系数都先缓慢增加然后再下降,分别在α=40°和30°时取得最大值;d=1/2 r时,随着α的增加,平均流速和流场均匀系数整体都呈现逐渐下降的趋势。综合比较24个试验工况的平均流速vavg和速度均匀系数U,建议将进水管设置为d=1/4 r,α=30°～40°,以期使养殖池内水动力特征有利于固体颗粒物的运动汇集,提升养殖池的集排污能力。该文研究成果可以为工厂化循环水圆形养殖池进水管设置方式提供参考。     

Temperature modeling of a land-based aquaculture system for the production of Gracilaria pacifica: Possible system modifications to conserve heat and extend the growing season

Temperature control is a major cost for numerous aquaculture systems. Solar thermal engineering techniques can be used to identify inexpensive methods for conserving and capturing heat. Gracilaria pacifica, also known as the culinary ingredient ogo, is currently grown in land-based tanks at a site in Goleta, CA where influent sea water temperatures infrequently reach the 21–28 °C range that provides for optimal growth. The major objective of this study was to explore various designs of a G. pacifica tank culture system that maintain optimal water temperature year round to maximize growth. A model was constructed and calibrated by comparing results to a one-third scale pilot system operated in Davis, CA. For model calibration the most sensitive parameter such as cover optical properties were adjusted first and less sensitive parameters were adjusted later. The pilot system consisted of six tanks, three insulated with foam and a clear polyethylene cover (experimental), and three uninsulated and uncovered (controls). The model had weather data inputs including air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. The model was then compared to a full-scale system operated in Santa Barbara during the winter. The experimental pilot system was 4.93 °C warmer than the control pilot system under optimal weather conditions. The full-scale experimental system was 2.80 °C warmer than the control system under non-ideal conditions. The model demonstrated predictive accuracy under most weather conditions. Furthermore the model is robust enough to accept estimated values for many inputs and still produce accurate results, this suggests a simpler model may be feasible. A polyethylene cover and insulation are not sufficient in general for raising the water temperature to the optimum range during the winter; they may be during other times of the year when more solar energy is available, thereby extending the growing season.     

Comparative ecologies of domestic and naturalised rainbow trout in northern Lake Huron

Northern Lake Huron (Ontario, Canada) supports the largest concentration of freshwater salmonid cage culture farms in Canada and receives inputs of domestic‐strain rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) through escapement. We assessed the potential effects of these domestic fish on the naturalised rainbow trout of this ecosystem by comparing their respective ecologies. Mature adults were sampled from spawning tributaries, primarily in spring, and to a lesser extent in fall. Fish of domestic origin comprised ~80% of rainbow trout sampled from sites near cage culture facilities but <20% of rainbow trout sampled from more distant sites. Domestic adults in spawning condition (gametes free‐flowing) were present in the spawning tributaries in both spring and fall sampling seasons, whereas naturalised fish in spawning condition were only observed in the spring. Domestic adults were younger and smaller (in length), appeared to have shorter lifespan and had a higher male to female ratio compared with their naturalised counterparts. Growth rates (change in length with age) of naturalised and domestic females in the wild were similar, but domestic males grew more slowly than naturalised males. Domestic females also produced smaller eggs than naturalised females. Food web positions (inferred from δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) of domestic and naturalised fish were very similar but varied more strongly with body size in the former. Domestic‐strain rainbow trout of cage culture origin can survive, grow and attempt to spawn in northern Lake Huron and have the potential to compete for food, mates and spawning habitat with naturalised rainbow trout.