施用尿素对冬萝卜产量形成及叶绿素含量的影响

[目的]研究冬萝卜莲座期叶绿素含量及收获期产量与对应施氮肥量的关系。[方法]以广东培育的晚熟冬萝卜为试材,施尿素处理设0、70、130、190、250kg/hm2（分别标记为N0、N70、N130、N190、N250）5个施N水平,动态分析了莲座期冬萝卜叶片叶绿素含量及收获时冬萝卜产量。[结果]5个不同施N水平处理中,冬萝卜叶片叶绿素含量随施N肥量的增加呈对数递增,以N130处理的叶绿素含量最高（0.461mg/kgFW）,且与N190和N250处理间差异不显著;收获时,块根产量以N130处理最高（65.5t/hm2）,N250处理次之（63.5t/hm2）;冬萝卜叶产量以N250处理最高（17.7t/hm2）,N130处理次之（12.6t/hm2）。块根产量和叶产量分别与叶绿素含量间呈极显著正相关（R2=0.9809）和显著正相关（R2=0.7891）。[结论]研究认为,该地区冬萝卜施N肥量应在150kg/hm2为宜。     

Reaction zone and periodic increment decrease in Picea abies trees infected by Heterobasidion annosum s.l.

Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees infected by Heterobasidion annosum s.l. decrease their periodic increment after a long period of time. Periodic increment decrease hypothetically relates to the formation of a reaction zone in order to prevent fungal colonisation. We studied 11 stands in Sweden, where we compared the periodic increment of healthy, rotten- and H. annosum-infected trees growing on plots thinned in winter, unthinned or thinned in summer, with and without urea or P. gigantea treatment of the stumps. Based on the rot incidence and the population structure of H. annosum of the plots, two phases of infection were considered: > 13 years and < 13 years. The presence of reaction zone and decay was observed on wood cores extracted with an increment borer. Rotten and H. annosum-infected trees with reaction zones exhibited a lower periodic increment than healthy trees (13.0% and 12.5% losses in terms of diameter, respectively), while no differences were observed between healthy trees and rotten and H. annosum-infected trees without reaction zone. Our results support the hypothesis of a periodic increment decrease in individual trees due to photosynthate re-allocation resulting from decay compartmentalization. Periodic increment decrease was only evident in trees that had been infected for more than 13 years. Trees in urea-treated plots registered a higher periodic increment, suggesting a possible response of trees to the nitrogen addition of the urea treatment of the stumps.     

尿素对芦笋疏花疏果的效应

喷施不同浓度尿素,结合不同施用次数对芦笋进行疏花疏果处理。结果表明：在芦笋开花期叶面喷洒尿素均能降低坐果率,其中以3% 尿素连喷3 次的效果最好,坐果率只有8%,且无肥害发生。3种浓度尿素在3 个处理时期对芦笋均有一定的疏花疏果效果,还可促进植株生长,增强植株的抗病性。     

Effect of assay conditions and field exposure on urease activity associated with cereal residues

Abstract

Urea fertilisers are often applied to soil with cereal residues on the surface. Although the urease properties of soils have been investigated, the urease activities associated with cereal residues have not been thoroughly studied. Two experiments were performed to develop an acceptable urease assay for cereal residues, and to determine the effect of field exposure and concomitant saprophytic colonization on urease levels.

Two acceptable assays were found: 1) incubation in the presence of THAM‐H₂SO₄ buffer (pH 8), toluene, and urea, and 2) incubation only in the presence of urea. In both assays substrate concentration was 0.05 M, incubation temperature was 37°C, incubation length was 2 hours, and urea hydrolysis was determined by ammonium production. Although both assays were highly correlated (r² = 0.992), the buffer method gave higher values. Subsequent investigations illustrated that urease activity associated with cereal residues is dramatically increased by saprophytic colonization after harvest. Freshly‐harvested winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.), winter rye (Secale cereale, L.), and spring wheat residues had urease activities (by the buffer method) of 4.3, 6.9, and 3.1 μmol urea g^‐1 h^‐1, respectively. After field exposure of 67–77 days, the urease activities had increased to 69.1, 101.9, and 74.3, respectively. The latter are far higher than literature values for U.S. mineral soils or the dried green leaves of plants.     

新型尿素缓释剂对甜菜产质量的影响

探讨了在甜菜栽培中施用新型尿素缓释剂对其产质量的影响。试验结果表明:尿素缓释剂通过对土壤脲酶活性的抑制作用,减少了尿素氮的损失,提高了尿素的肥效,促进了甜菜的生长发育,提高了甜菜产质量,经济效益显著。     

尿素氮形态转化对腐殖酸的响应

通过模拟试验研究了不同用量腐殖酸对土壤中尿素氮形态转化的影响。结果表明,腐殖酸对尿素态氮形态转化的影响受其施用量的制约。与对照相比,低浓度腐殖酸(<15gkg-1)对尿素水解及以后的氮转化过程抑制作用较小,有时甚至促进了尿素水解;高浓度腐殖酸(15gkg-1和20gkg-1)则能明显的抑制尿素水解,延长尿素态氮在土壤中的停留时间,增加铵态氮含量,减少硝态氮的生成及氮素损失量,大大提高尿素利用效率。由此可见,腐殖酸不仅是一种脲酶抑制剂,还是一种硝化抑制剂。     

小叶女贞叶提取物对脲酶的抑制作用

以小叶女贞叶的水提物对脲酶的抑制作用进行研究,目的在于开发一种低廉优质的植物性脲酶抑制剂,同时也是对废弃物的再利用。从小叶女贞的叶片中提取并分离了抑制脲酶的活性部分(LQE),收得率为5.92%。LQE对刀豆脲酶有较强的抑制作用,5 mgLQE与76.3 mg硼砂的抑制效果相当。LQE对脲酶的抑制作用随着温度的升高(4~60℃)而增强。pH5.5~9.0范围内,LQE有明显的抑制脲酶的活性,而且中性和碱性环境中LQE的抑制率高于酸性环境。加入β-巯基乙醇(2-Me)后,脲酶的活性恢复,说明LQE是通过与脲酶的-SH发生作用而导致脲酶的活性降低。LQE可以有效抑制不同土壤中脲酶的活性,延缓尿素的水解,并且其抑制程度随用量的增加而提高。小叶女贞广泛分布于中国,有耐修剪、生长快、低廉、环保等优越性能,因此可以利用其叶片提取物降低土壤脲酶的活性,提高尿素的利用率,减少环境污染。     

MilkoscanFT120对原料乳中掺入尿素快速预判的研究

利用MilkoscanFr120红外光谱仪,采用主成分分析（PCA）回归方法,以本地区具有代表性原料乳样品为基础建立标准数据模型,在原料乳中加入尿素模拟牛奶掺假。通过总结原料乳成分数据的变化规律及调整控制因素以达到预判原料乳掺假和确定掺假物质的检出限的目的。结果表明该方法具有快速、准确的特点。     

高效液相色谱法测定卡巴匹林钙产品与反应液中尿素的含量

建立了一种用于测定卡巴匹林钙产品及反应液中尿素含量的高效液相色谱法。确立了最佳色谱条件,色谱柱为Waters Xselect HSS T3 C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(5∶95,V/V),检测波长为195 nm,流速为0.5 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL。结果显示,尿素浓度在0.12~120μg/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系(r>0.999);尿素的检出限为0.05μg/mL,定量限为0.1μg/mL;分离度R>1.5,重复性的相对标准偏差<1.0%(n=6);卡巴匹林钙产品中尿素的回收率范围为98.10%~100.46%,反应液中尿素的回收率范围为95.32%~101.20%。本方法操作简便、准确度高、重复性好、检测速度快,在合成工艺中对卡巴匹林钙产品及反应液中尿素的质量控制具有重要意义。     

保护性施氮对大豆生育和产量的影响

首次利用脲酶抑制剂－－氢醌和调节麦秸的“氮因子效应”,作为大豆保护性施氮的科学依据,通过砂壤土盆栽和白浆土田间微区试验,初步验证了保护性施氮应用前景。