Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica

The agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) under laurel (Cordia alliodora) and cacao under poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) were studied at CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. An inventory was taken of the organic matter and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) separating the species into their compartments (leaves, branches, trunks and roots). Studies of the litter and of the mineral soil (0–45 cm) yielded these results: Patterns of nutrient accumulation are discussed in relation to the characteristics of these agroforestry systems.     

Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production,litter production and decomposition

During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹ cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity. Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m³.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹. Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹ and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles. The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha⁻¹.a⁻¹): For part I see Vol. 4, No. 3, 1986. Agroforestry Project, CATIE/GTZ (Tropical Agricultural Research and Training Center/Gesselschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit), Turrialba, Costa Rica     

Preliminary evaluation of Community-Led Total Sanitation for the control of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Katete District of Zambia

Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. It is associated with poor sanitary practices, free-range pig husbandry and lack of disease awareness in endemic communities. A comparative research was conducted with pre and post-intervention assessments in nine villages to evaluate Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) as an intervention measure for the control of porcine cysticercosis in Katete District in the Eastern Province of Zambia. Blood samples were collected from pigs for circulating antigen detection and a questionnaire focused on the household was administered to a total of 153 respondents whose pigs were examined (64 pre-intervention, 89 post-intervention), in order to obtain information on general demographic characteristics, pig husbandry practices, sanitation practices and associated knowledge and awareness of T. solium infections. The first sampling was conducted prior to the implementation of the CLTS and second sampling eight months after triggering of CLTS in the selected villages. A total of 379 pig serum samples were examined using the B158/B60 Ag-ELISA to detect T. solium cysticercosis, 104 pre-intervention and 275 post-intervention, of which 14 (13.5%) and 45 (16.4%) were positive, respectively. Wald test p-values were computed to assess significant differences in the variables of interest mentioned above for the pre and post CLTS. The research revealed that CLTS as a control measure did not significantly improve T. solium infections in pigs. The research also revealed that the sanitation practices and awareness of cysticercosis did not change. It is recommended that a longer term evaluation be undertaken when the villages have been declared open defaecation free. In addition, the research recommends that health education, mass drug treatment and pig vaccination be incorporated, as an essential component of prevention and control programmes for T. solium infections.     

Risk Factors for the Development of Hypokalemia in Neonatal Diarrheic Calves

Background

Neonatal diarrheic calves have a clear negative potassium balance because of intestinal losses and decreased milk intake but in the presence of acidemia, they usually show normokalemic or hyperkalemic plasma concentrations.

Objectives

To assess whether marked hypokalemia occurs in response to the correction of acidemia and dehydration and to identify factors that are associated with this condition.

Animals

Eighty‐three calves with a clinical diagnosis of neonatal diarrhea.

Methods

Prospective cohort study. Calves were treated according to a clinical protocol using an oral electrolyte solution and commercially available packages of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate, 0.9% saline and 40% dextrose infusion solutions.

Results

The proportion of hypokalemic calves after 24 hours of treatment (19.3%) was twice as great as it was on admission to the hospital. Plasma K⁺ after 24 hours of treatment was not significantly correlated to venous blood pH values at the same time but positively correlated to venous blood pH values on admission (r = 0.51, P < .001). Base excess on admission (Odds ratio [OR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.70–0.94), duration of diarrhea (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.05–1.80), milk intake during hospitalization (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.37–0.79) and plasma sodium concentrations after 24 hours (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01–1.25) were identified to be independently associated (P < .05) with a hypokalemic state after 24 hours of treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Findings of this study suggest that marked depletion of body potassium stores is evident in diarrheic calves that suffered from marked metabolic acidosis, have a low milk intake and a long history of diarrhea.     

不同土壤和氮钾肥配比对莴笋的营养效应研究

通过田间小区试验研究了不同N、K肥料配比对酸性和碱性土壤上两个莴笋品种(科兴 3 号和双尖莴笋)产量及品质的影响.结果表明,不同土壤上施用不同N、K配比肥料对双尖莴笋和科兴 3 号的产量影响不同.在酸性土壤上,对照(N15K10)是适宜两种莴笋高产的最佳N、K肥配比处理.在碱性土壤上种植双尖莴笋时,可以考虑在对照基础上适当地降低N肥用量.在碱性土壤上两种莴笋的产量均高于酸性土壤.减N和增K处理有利于降低莴笋的硝酸盐含量.在酸性土壤上莴笋中的硝酸盐含量高于碱性土壤.莴笋采收后期茎的硝酸盐含量高于叶片.不同施肥处理对两种土壤上科兴3号和双尖莴笋营养品质的作用不一致.在酸性土壤上增施K肥或提高N肥的用量对莴笋营养品质的改善更有效果.莴笋的Vc含量以叶片＞茎,且酸性土壤＞碱性土壤.除双尖莴笋在增K处理(N15K15、N20K15)中茎的可溶性糖含量表现为酸性土＜碱性土以外,其他处理莴笋茎叶中的可溶性糖均为酸性土＞碱性土.不同处理莴笋的氨基酸含量均表现为茎＞叶.     

Frozen bread dough: Effects of freezing storage and dough improvers

This review focuses on the effects of freezing storage on the microstructure and baking performance of frozen doughs, and provides an overview of the activities of dough improvers, including emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and other improvers used in frozen dough applications. The overall quality of bread baked from frozen dough deteriorates as the storage of the dough at sub-zero temperatures increases due to several factors which are discussed. Lipid-related emulsifiers such as diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides and sucrose esters employed as anti-staling agents, dough modifiers, shortening sparing agents, and as improvers for the production of high-protein bread have also been employed in frozen doughs. Hydrocolloids are gaining importance in the baking industry as dough improvers due to their ability to induce structural changes in the main components of wheat flour systems during breadmaking steps and bread storage Their effects in frozen doughs is discussed. Other dough improvers, such as ascorbic acid, honey and green tea extract, are also reviewed in the context of frozen doughs.     

不同砧木对葡萄‘87-1’氮磷钾等养分吸收利用的影响

【目的】旨在筛选不同养分的高效利用型砧木,对12种砧木嫁接‘87-1’品种的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁养分吸收和利用效率进行研究,为葡萄生产中的砧木选择和肥料利用率的提升提供理论依据。【方法】本研究于2020年1月至2021年11月连续两年对12种砧木嫁接‘87-1’品种组合的苗木在萌芽期、始花期、末花期、种子发育期、果实转色期、果实成熟采收期和落叶期7个关键生育时期进行整株取样,测定植株氮、磷、钾、钙、镁矿质元素含量,计算各组合单株元素累积量、干物质生产效率、果实生产效率和收获指数,分析各指标之间的差异,比较不同砧木对氮、磷、钾、钙、镁吸收利用的影响。【结果】本研究中不同砧穗组合氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的单株累积量存在显著差异,其中以87-1/34EM组合的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁累积量最高。以干物质生产效率、果实生产效率为指标,评价养分生物及经济利用效率,结果表明,87-1/420A组合氮和钾的干物质生产效率最高,87-1/贝达和87-1/101-14组合磷和钙的干物质生产效率较高,而镁的干物质生产效率中则以87-1/5BB组合表现较好;钾果实生产效率以‘1103P’砧木表现最好,‘101-14’砧木氮、磷、钙和镁的果实生产效率最高。收获指数体现了果实中养分的吸收分配情况,不同砧木处理下,‘贝达’砧木磷和钾的收获指数最高,氮、钙和镁的收获指数分别以‘SO4’‘5BB’和‘华葡1号’砧木表现最高。【结论】本研究中不同砧木对氮、磷、钾、钙、镁的吸收情况差异显著,吸收能力与利用效率之间表现不一致。‘贝达’和‘101-14’砧木对磷和钙具有较高的生物及经济利用效率;‘1103P’砧木钾的生物及经济利用效率较高;氮和镁的生物利用效率分别以‘420A’和‘5BB’砧木表现最好,而经济利用效率则以‘101-14’砧木表现最好。另外,‘贝达’砧木促进了磷和钾向果实的分配,‘SO4’‘5BB’和‘华葡1号’砧木分别促进了氮、钙和镁向果实的分配。     

氮、钾用量对机采加工番茄果实成熟、产量及品质的影响

为探索适合新疆地区膜下滴灌机械采收加工番茄的施肥规律,研究不同氮肥（N）、钾肥(K)及交互作用(N×K)对机械采收加工番茄果实成熟、产量及品质的影响,设置氮肥和钾肥二因素随机区组试验,设计9个处理,3次重复。结果表明不同N、K用量及其互作对加工番茄果实物质积累量、单果质量、果实红熟率、产量、可溶性固形物含量、番茄红素含量影响显著,对果实叶绿素含量、β-胡萝卜素含量、L值影响不显著。N₂K₂、N₂K₃、N₃K₂条件下加工番茄产量≥16.12×10⁴ kg·hm^-2、成熟度≥93.29%、果实固形物含量≥5.22%、番茄红素含量≥21.38 mg·hg^-1,可满足机械采收对加工番茄的要求。通过经济效益分析推荐施肥量为N 152.1 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 118.2 kg·hm^-2。     

灌水定额和施钾量对膜下滴灌马铃薯产量及水肥利用效率的影响

研究膜下滴灌条件下马铃薯适宜的灌溉制度及施钾方案。于2021年03—06月在山东省日照市进行灌水定额和施钾量对膜下滴灌马铃薯产量及水肥利用效率影响的试验,设置3个灌水定额W1(5 mm)、W2(10 mm)、W3(块茎膨大期前5 mm,膨大期后20 mm)和4个施钾(K₂O)水平K1(180 kg/hm²)、K2(260 kg/hm²)、K3(340 kg/hm²)、K4(420 kg/hm²),共12个处理,每个处理3个重复。结果表明:1)随着灌水定额的增大,耗水量增加,W3处理比W1和W2显著增加23.66%和16.05%。同一灌水定额下,增施钾肥有增加耗水量的趋势(除W3K2外)。2)生育期内马铃薯钾素累积量呈“S”型变化,块茎膨大期前滴灌灌水定额小于10 mm、适量增施钾肥均有利于马铃薯钾素累积。在K4施钾量下,W3处理马铃薯钾素累积最多,与W1和W2相比,钾素利用效率提高17.74%和19.48%,钾素吸收效率没有显著差异,均接近40%。3)同一灌水定额下,马铃薯产量、水分利用效率均在K3处理下获得最大值,K3处理平均产量和水分利用效率分别为32 983.2 kg/hm²和110.3 kg/(hm²·mm),比K1、K2、K4处理分别提高9.53%、5.88%、13.16%和5.91%、3.15%、15.90%。4)同一施钾量下,马铃薯产量和钾肥偏生产力均在W3处理下达到最大值(除W1K1外),W3处理下平均产量和钾肥偏生产力分别为32 294.0和118.1 kg/kg,比W1和W2处理分别提高5.84%、4.02%和8.58%、8.70%。综合考虑马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率,在本试验条件下,马铃薯较为适宜的灌水定额为块茎膨大期前5 mm,膨大期后20 mm,钾肥施用量为340 kg/hm²。