应用土壤-景观定量模型预测土壤属性空间分布及制图

以土壤-景观定量模型为基础的土壤制图方法在世界范围内得到了广泛研究。本文在皖南宣城的丘陵地带内选择研究区,从该区的数字高程模型(DEM)中获取景观信息:地形因子,定量地分析了土壤属性与地形因子之间的相关关系,并建立基于该关系的线性土壤-景观定量模型,最后应用该模型来预测土壤属性在空间上的分布并制图。结果表明:土体厚度和表层有机质含量与地形因子之间有着显著相关性;建立的线性回归模型分别能解释土体厚度、表层有机质含量空间变异的32.2%和35.3%;依据该模型预测的土体厚度和表层有机质含量具有较高的准确度,并能制图表达土壤属性在空间上的自然连续性。     

半干旱地区环境因素与表层土壤积盐关系的研究

通过田间试验对半干旱地区甘肃省秦安县果园环境因素(蒸发量、降雨量、近地面空气温度和湿度、土温、土壤水分)与表层土壤的积盐关系进行了研究。结果表明:在综合环境因素的影响下,不同土层的全盐含量随着潜在累积蒸发量的增加而增大,表现为正相关。土壤温度升高,不同土层土壤均有积盐的趋势。土壤0~2 cm、2~5 cm、5~10 cm土层随着水分含量的增加有积盐的趋势,而15~20 cm和20~25 cm土层随着水分含量的增加有脱盐的趋势。土壤积盐受多种因素综合作用的影响。在果树生育期4~8月,15~20 cm土层土壤盐分含量和土壤水分、气温具有较好的耦合效应,其模型为Y(土壤盐分)=0.002 7-0.000 2X1(气温)+0.015 4X2(含水量),(p=0.004 7)。因此,根据模型,在生育期4~8月,低气温和高土壤含水量正是该层土壤积盐期。根据气象因子对积盐的影响,科学地提出了15~20 cm土层为盐分的"活动面"的概念。     

滕州表层土壤硒异常特征及来源分析

为确定影响滕州地区表层土壤硒含量变化的因素,对研究区土壤的地球化学指标进行统计分析,结果显示,研究区土壤硒背景值为0.08mg/kg,异常下限值为0.17 mg/kg,表层土壤硒平均含量为0.23 mg/kg,标准差为0.144 mg/kg,变异系数为62.6%。综合相关性分析、主成分分析以及富集因子分析结果,表明表层土壤硒异常主要受人为因素的影响。不同区域表层土壤硒含量由高到低依次为煤矿区交通繁忙区农田区。在土壤垂直方向上,煤矿周边土壤中硒含量自下而上增加的趋势要明显快于不受煤矿直接影响的区域,同时前者的变化速率和转折端的出现均快于后者。因此,滕州地区表层土壤硒异常主要受煤矿开发的影响。     

川西地区表土磁学性质及其环境意义

通过对川西地区表土样品进行系统的岩石磁学分析,并且结合气候要素探讨表土磁学性质与环境要素之间的关系。结果表明:(1)川西表土在成土过程中生成的细粒超顺磁(SP)和单畴(SD)的亚铁磁性矿物是磁化率增强的主导因素。该地区表土磁性增强机制与黄土高原类似。(2)在空间上,川西高原西部和南部地区的磁性矿物含量要高于东部和北部地区,而成都平原西部地区成土作用最强,磁颗粒细且含有较多高矫顽力磁性矿物。(3)川西表土的磁学参数和气候要素的研究发现年平均降水量(MAP)在600～1000 mm之间磁化率、频率磁化率与MAP呈正相关关系,而磁学参数组合χ_(fd)%/HIRM、ARM/HIRM、χ_(ARM)/SIRM与MAP在这一降雨区间也呈正相关关系,然而这些磁学参数与MAP的相关系数不如黄土高原,可能与研究区复杂的地形、相对湿润的成土条件有关。     

Abandonment and management in Spanish dehesa systems: Effects on soil features and plant species richness and composition

Quercus pyrenaica dehesas have been traditionally used as communal extensive grazing systems in the León province (NW Spain). In this region, recent abandonment of rural areas and the subsequent gradual decrease in livestock load have led to the invasion of shrubs in the understory, increasing the risk of fires. Indeed, even if there is no need of creating new pasturelands for livestock breeding, the remaining landowners keep on burning to clear these montane patches. Alternatively, the regional administration encourages shrub cutting as a better way of managing these areas and preserving the pasturelands. Our aim was to determine the effects of the dehesa abandonment and shrub cutting on plant species richness (annual herbs, perennial herbs and woody plants) and species composition, as well as on topsoil properties. For that, we compared three types of dehesas with different management regimes: (1) grazed dehesas (used at the present), (2) abandoned dehesas (more than 20 years without grazing) and (3) dehesas where shrub cutting was applied after abandonment (i.e. cleared dehesas). We selected three replicates or stands per dehesa type. The highest organic matter content (O.M.), total nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) were found in cleared dehesas, while the lowest values corresponded to the grazed ones. Abandoned dehesas were characterized by the highest values for available calcium (Ca²⁺). No significant differences were detected regarding the vegetation richness values (S alpha, gamma or beta), although higher mean values of S alpha and gamma were found in grazed dehesas, and lower values in the cleared ones. Concerning the vegetation life forms, grazed dehesas held significantly greater species richness and cover of annual herbs, while abandoned dehesas had significantly higher woody species cover. Both grazed and abandoned dehesas harboured plant species (38 and 13 species, respectively), which were exclusively found in one dehesa type. Contrary to that, cleared dehesas scarcely had “exclusive” species. To conclude, our results indicated that shrub cutting alone (not followed by livestock grazing) may cause loss of plant species richness, suggesting that it is not the most appropriate management method to restore vegetation, except for reducing the risk of fire.     

广州市不同绿地类型表土颗粒组成特征

对广州市道路绿地、防护绿地、生产绿地和郊区风景名胜区绿地等4种表土颗粒组成特征进行了研究。结果表明：道路绿地表土质地以壤土为主,防护绿地和生产绿地的以砂质壤土为主,郊区风景名胜区绿地的以粘壤土为主。造成质地的差异性主要由砂粒和粘粒含量百分比所决定,粉粒含量对其影响不大。     

Effects of different land management techniques on selected topsoil properties of a forest Ferralsol

Soil erosion is a major threat for Ferralsols in Cameroon. The influence of traditional intercropping (TI), disk-harrow ploughing (DH), no-tillage (NT), and Wischmeier bare fallow (BF) on runoff coefficient, soil loss, organic carbon (OC) content and bulk density was evaluated in topsoils of a forest Ferralsol in Yaoundé region, Central Cameroon, using erosion plots. This was to ensure the best conditions for the determination of the soil properties to be assessed. After two years of cropping, the mean runoff coefficient remained very low for TI (<2% of the rain) as compared with NT (14%) and DH (15%). The same held true for soil loss which was in the order of 2, 68 and 109 Mg ha⁻¹ for TI, NT, and DH respectively, and bulk density which was 1.06, 1.18 and 1.21 Mg m⁻³ respectively. Comparing the latter with the measurements obtained from BF (1.23 Mg m⁻³) and the adjacent secondary forest (SF) (1.04 Mg m⁻³) showed that the disk-harrow treatment was the most degraded among the three. The same comparison was made for the OC content. It was found that while in SF, OC was as high as 30 g kg⁻¹, it was only 11, 13, 15 and 18 g kg⁻¹ in BF, DH, TI, and NT respectively. On the average and for the time frame considered, TI adversely affected topsoil properties less than NT, DH and BF in this order. Based on the above, it can be concluded that TI is more conservative than the three other land management techniques investigated.     

寿光市耕层土壤微量元素的分布特征

调查寿光市16个乡镇的耕层土壤,采集907个土壤样品,进行微量元素的分析。结果表明：全市耕层土壤微量元素总体含量丰富,保护地土壤的微量元素含量远远高于露地土壤,耕层土壤微量元素含量南部高北部低,有效铜和有效锌是耕层土壤中变异性最大的两种养分,有效铁、有效锰和有效硼为中等程度变异。     

Using soil E horizon in salvaged topsoil material – effect on soil texture

Soil is a limited natural resource that needs to be efficiently salvaged during landscape construction operations for its further use as topsoil. To avoid inclusion of undesirable subsoil material (e.g. excess clay from B_t horizon), the majority of current guidelines define borrowed topsoil material as the surface layer of native soil, or the soil A horizon. Using information from over 7000 soil pedons from the 48 contiguous United States, we characterized selected topsoil properties and simulated the mixing of A and E horizons. The selected soil properties were compared among four different operationally defined topsoils: A surface layer, A_SL; A_P surface layer, A_PL; A horizon, A; and a mix of A and E horizons, AE. Average topsoil depth decreases in the order: AE > A > A_PL > A_SL; sand content decreases in the order: A_SL > AE > A > A_PL; clay decreases in the order: A_PL > A > A_SL > AE; and organic carbon decreases in the order: A_SL > A > A_PL > AE. On average, mixing of A and E horizons increases excavation depth by over 2.5 fold while having minor effects on soil texture; with AE/A ratio of 1.03, 1.00 and 1.07 for sand, silt and clay content, respectively. Yet, average soil organic matter content decreases by 38% upon mixing A and E horizons. Given the marked increase in soil volume and minor effect on soil texture, it is our suggestion that, for landscaping purposes, protocols for salvaging excavated soil material, for reuse as topsoil material include the E horizon (where it exists). Supplementing the recovered soil material with organic matter, such as compost, to overcome its dilution due to the incorporation of E horizon is recommended.     

重庆南平喀斯特石漠化区不同土地利用方式下的表土孢粉组合特征

重庆南平喀斯特石漠化地区5种不同土地利用方式下的33个表土和苔藓样品的孢粉分析表明:(1)研究区植物孢粉共由50科属组成,以草本和蕨类植物占据优势(除次生马尾松林、次生柳杉林和桃树林外),含量为38.84%～86.56%,其次是乔木(主要为马尾松),含量为13.42%～59.40%,灌木植物花粉含量最低,为0.00%～12.50%,显示该区植被退化严重;(2)不同土地利用方式的花粉类型丰富度差别不明显,物种多样性主要表现为乔木和灌木植物种类的变化,草本和蕨类基本保持不变;(3)不同土地利用方式的表土孢粉组合差别明显,与其相应的实际植被情况大致相同,基本反映了石漠化地区现代植被的基本状况;(4)随着土地利用强度的增加,表土孢粉组合中乔灌木花粉含量和种类越少,草本和蕨类植物孢粉含量越多,且以耕地杂草为主。因此,土地利用方式的变化是对喀斯特石漠化区次生植被及其表土孢粉组合的主要影响因素。