喀斯特坡地裸露心土层产流产沙模拟研究

通过人工降雨探索表土剥离后喀斯特坡地侵蚀产沙特征及机制,为该地区开展地下水土流失研究及指导水土流失防治工作具有重要的理论和现实意义。试验采用钢槽装填土石模拟喀斯特地区表土剥离后坡地的"二元结构",通过人工模拟降雨揭示了雨强(30、50、80mm h~(-1))、坡度(10°、15°、20°、25°)和地下孔(裂)隙度(1%、2%、3%、4%、5%)对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响,并在此基础上进一步讨论了各因子对剥离表土后的坡地造成的影响。结果表明:(1)表土剥离后地下漏失的隐蔽性增强,小雨强的坡地土壤侵蚀容易被忽视,30、50 mm h~(-1)雨强条件下,仅当坡地坡度≥15°时地表出现径流,坡地侵蚀产沙以地下流失为主,地下产流量、产沙量随雨强先增大后减小。(2)喀斯特地区坡地土壤侵蚀治理不应只重视地表水土流失,更应关注垂直方向上的土壤侵蚀——地下漏失,低坡度(坡度≤15°)条件下,地表近乎无产流产沙,坡地侵蚀产沙集中在地下孔(裂)隙,而坡度为20°、25°的坡地,其地下产沙比重仍分别高达0.85~0.97、0.59~0.84。剥离表土后的坡地水土保持应从地表、地下两个方向进行,避免由地下漏失引起的岩溶塌陷。增大地下孔(裂)隙度能显著提高地下产流量和产流系数,并促进地下孔裂隙产沙量和产沙比重的增加。     

西安城市居民区土壤重金属健康风险评价

城市化过程中各种人类活动的废弃物进入土壤生态系统后经由多种方式对城市居民健康产生威胁,城市居民区作为人类密集活动的场所,土壤重金属污染的健康风险更为值得关注。通过实验数据的分析可知西安市居民区土壤中Pb、Cu、As的污染相对较重而Ba、Co、Cr、Ni、Zn的污染相对较轻,这八种元素产生的健康风险均在可接受范围之内,但对成人与儿童的风险大小具有一定差异。多元统计分析与基于ARCGIS的地统计分析的结果表明Ba-Co-Zn的累积主要与交通、工业、居民区内部活动有关,其空间分布表现为西部高东部低的特征;Cu-Pb的累积主要受交通活动和垃圾堆放等活动影响,空间分布上在城市中心偏北存在两个极值中心;As-Ni累积主要受成土母质影响,叠加有轻微的化石燃料燃烧等人类活动,城市中心为其高值区;Cr的累积主要与交通活动相关,空间分布特征表现为西部低而东部、北部高。     

冀东滨海盐碱区耕层土壤盐碱变化规律研究

采取定点、定期取样方法,研究了冀东滨海盐碱区地下水以及0~5 cm、5~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm耕层土壤的盐碱变化。结果表明:0~5 cm耕层含盐量最高,平均达到了0.66%,是其他3个耕层含盐量的4~5倍,而其他3个耕层的含盐量差异不大。从盐分季节性变化看,5月中旬~6月中旬耕层土壤含盐量较高。而耕层土壤pH值较稳定,基本维持在7.8水平,且季节性变化不大。说明土壤碱性不是影响该区作物生长的主要因子,在实际生产措施中应以降低土壤盐分为主。     

基因组学在作物抗逆性研究中的新进展

自然环境中各种生物和非生物胁迫是影响作物产量的巨大威胁。随着现代分子生物学的发展,从分子水平研究作物抵御逆境的机理已成为生态农业研究的一个重要任务,分子遗传学与生态学的整合诞生了生态基因组学即用基因组学的技术和手段研究生态学领域的问题。基因组学按其研究内容分为功能基因组学、结构基因组学和比较基因组学,本文从这3方面分别阐述了作物抵抗生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的生态基因组学研究进展,总结了基因组学在植物抗逆性研究中的一些新技术和新手段,特别是基于近几年发展起来的二代深度测序所带来的一系列高通量的检测方法与结果。①功能基因组学包含转录组学、表观遗传学、蛋白组学、相互作用组学、代谢组学和表型组学,本文侧重从植物抗逆的功能基因表达水平上的研究展开,重点探讨了转录组学和表观遗传学在植物抗逆研究的新进展,介绍了一些转录组学和表观遗传学研究技术,如基因芯片技术、RNA测序技术、SAGE、cDNA-AFLP、SSH、亚硫酸盐法、ChIP-Chip、ChIP-seq等;例举了一些转录因子基因家族在植物抗逆反应中的作用,总结其作用共性,结果表明不少抗逆基因受到胁迫后基因转录激活上有一定相关性,大多受激素信号转导途径所调控,很多抗逆途径最终都涉及到ABA信号传导通路并与衰老相关;植物的抗逆性受多个信号通路调控,对同一逆境响应常常需要不同的转录因子共同参与,而同一转录因子也有可能参与2个以上的不同抗逆反应;表观遗传学则指在不改变基因序列前提下,对DNA甲基化修饰、组蛋白翻译后修饰及小RNA介导的信号传导等,有证据表明其存在遗传印记作用。②结构基因组学主要利用QTL定位和DNA测序技术,确定植物基因组的遗传图谱和物理图谱,二代深度测序平台的建立使许多植物的全基因组测序成为可能。迄今为止,已有超过40种植物完成全基因组测序,越来越多的植物全基因组计划正在实施中或预计实施。③比较基因组学是基于功能基因组学和结构基因组学进而比较不同物种或不同群体间的基因组差异和相关性的研究,可分析逆境响应相关基因在进化过程中及在地理位置分布中的作用和意义,也同时为QTL定位及功能基因组学研究提供丰富信息。此外,还简要介绍并列举了一些网络共享作物抗逆的生物信息资源数据库。虽然基因组学在如何正确处理海量数据等问题上还存在瓶颈,但它提供的大量作物抗逆方面的基因组信息已为植物抗逆研究提供了众多线索与依据,为今后改良作物抗逆性的遗传育种工作带来了新启示。     

不同播种方式对耕层土壤水分及冬小麦生理特性的影响

研究了播种方式对不同耕层水分及小麦生理特性的影响,结果表明,沟播土壤踏实,水分下渗后不易散失,保水能力强;直播麦田的土壤疏松,表层水分容易散失,而且下渗也快,水分不易保存;2种播种方式都能使小麦旗叶保持较高的绿色持续期,有利于提高光合作用,增加干物质积累;沟播小麦的根系下层分布比例较大,单位重量的根不仅能支撑较重的地上部,也能承担较多穗数和粒重;沟播产量大于直播,增产约8.4%。     

念青唐古拉山东南坡高寒草原生态系统表层土壤活性有机碳的影响因素研究

高寒草原是青藏高原广泛分布的植被类型。本文以念青唐古拉山东南坡高寒草原生态系统为对象,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对影响高寒草原生态系统表层(0~20cm)土壤活性有机碳分布的因素进行了研究。结果表明:念青唐古拉山东南坡高寒草原生态系统表层(0~20cm)土壤活性有机碳平均含量为2.61±0.31g·kg?1;影响表层土壤活性有机碳分布的地形因子是海拔和坡度,植被因子是0~10cm、10~20cm土层地下生物量,物理因子是0~10cm、10~20cm土壤含水量和0~20cm土壤容重,化学因子是土壤全钾含量。其中0~10cm、10~20cm土壤含水量和0~20cm土壤容重影响达显著水平。在海拔4421~4598m范围内,随着海拔升高,表层土壤活性有机碳含量表现出增加→减少→增加→减少的分布特征。     

上海松江耕层土壤有机碳空间分布及影响因素

土壤耕层有机碳及碳储量的变化已经成为全球变化中碳循环研究的重要问题。本文采用上海市松江区第二次土壤普查资料估算松江农田耕层土壤有机碳、有机碳密度及有机碳库。结果显示:上海市松江区农田耕层土壤有机碳密度含量为31.22 tC.hm-2:有机碳库含量为177.15×105t;水稻土有机碳密度及有机碳库在研究区占有很重要的比重,因此,在上海市松江区农田耕层土壤中,保护水稻土有很重要的意义。     

Natural revegetation of indigenous roadside vegetation by propagules from topsoil

Road construction degrades large areas of indigenous vegetation. Better understanding of ecosystem restoration after degradation will require development and assessment of improved restoration techniques. The potential of natural revegetation based on propagules from topsoil as a restoration technique, to achieve succession towards indigenous vegetation, is not fully understood and accepted as an alternative method for vegetation establishment. The aim of this study was to evaluate this restoration technique by comparing different topsoils with respect to their potentials for revegetation and to describe the early succession on these topsoils by recording change in vegetation cover and the number of species.The study road RV23 is situated in south-east Norway and runs mainly through mixed, mostly coniferous forest. The topsoil (the upper 30 cm) was removed before road construction started, stockpiled during the construction period and then redistributed on the road verge afterwards. In 1999, 10 macroplots of 25 m² were placed randomly on selected topsoils of different qualities, to represent the soil variation in the study area. The soil quality varied from organic-rich to organic-poor soils. Each macro plot contained four 1-m² mesoplots in which the species composition was recorded in 2000 and 2001.Univariate statistical tests were applied to reveal change in vegetation cover between macroplots within 1 year and between years 2000 and 2001. Furthermore, statistical tests were used to reveal the change in single-species frequencies between the study years.Two years after deposition of topsoils, the vegetation cover was generally satisfactory from an aesthetical point of view. However, the variation in vegetation cover and species composition was considerable on different topsoils, reflecting both the local variation of the indigenous vegetation and the soil quality. A total of 121 species of vascular plants were recorded in all 10 macroplots, although not more than 59 species were found in one macroplot. Species composition and single-species frequencies changed considerably from the first year to the second. Among the 61 species that were recorded in more than five mesoplots, the frequency of 16 species increased and the frequency of 10 species decreased significantly (P<0.05). Most of the decreasing species can be considered as weed species and are not represented in the present indigenous vegetation, while most of the increasing species are. The vegetation change from 2000 to 2001 apparently represents the first steps in a succession towards an ecosystem dominated by species of the indigenous vegetation.     

Soil stress as affected by wheel load and tyre inflation pressure

The relative importance of wheel load and tyre inflation pressure on topsoil and subsoil stresses has long been disputed in soil compaction research. The objectives of the experiment presented here were to (1) measure maximum soil stresses and stress distribution in the topsoil for different wheel loads at the same recommended tyre inflation pressure; (2) measure soil stresses at different inflation pressures for the given wheel loads; and (3) measure subsoil stresses and compare measured and simulated values. Measurements were made with the wheel loads 11, 15 and 33 kN at inflation pressures of 70, 100 and 150 kPa. Topsoil stresses were measured at 10 cm depth with five stress sensors installed in disturbed soil, perpendicular to driving direction. Contact area was measured on a hard surface. Subsoil stresses were measured at 30, 50 and 70 cm depth with sensors installed in undisturbed soil. The mean ground contact pressure could be approximated by the tyre inflation pressure (only) when the recommended inflation pressure was used. The maximum stress at 10 cm depth was considerably higher than the inflation pressure (39% on average) and also increased with increasing wheel load. While tyre inflation pressure had a large influence on soil stresses measured at 10 cm depth, it had very little influence in the subsoil (30 cm and deeper). In contrast, wheel load had a very large influence on subsoil stresses. Measured and simulated values agreed reasonably well in terms of relative differences between treatments, but the effect of inflation pressure on subsoil stresses was overestimated in the simulations. To reduce soil stresses exerted by tyres in agriculture, the results show the need to further study the distribution of stresses under tyres. For calculation of subsoil stresses, further validations of commonly used models for stress propagation are needed.     

应用标准化方法评价攀枝花地区表层土壤的重金属污染

应用标准化方法建立了攀枝花地区土壤环境地球化学基线模型，在此基础上，评价了表层土壤的重金属污染状况。结果表明：该区Cd没有污染，Co、Cr、Ni、Pb为轻微污染，As、Zn以轻微污染到中度污染为主，污染程度较高的地区主要分布在工矿区。