玉米秸秆对风沙土土壤微生物的影响

本研究以新型沙袋沙障为研究对象,分别对不同内部添加物、不同外层材料袋沙障内部、外部风沙土土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌及土壤微生物总量进行了测定。结果表明:沙袋沙障内添加玉米秸秆、玉米芯营养物质能够有效改善沙袋沙障内部风沙土环境,沙障内部微生物数量显著提高,微生物总数量分别达到了7.35×10~7 cfu/g、9.47×10~7 cfu/g,分别是对照(只灌装风沙土)沙袋沙障的113.11倍、145.62倍,并且添加玉米芯的作用效果更加显著,土壤微生物总数比添加玉米秸秆的高28.77%;添加玉米秸秆、玉米芯均对土壤真菌的影响较大,真菌数量可升高至微生物总数量的50%以上;玉米秸秆、玉米芯添加量越多,微生物数量越多,添加物体积百分比达到20%时,土壤微生物总数达到了1.01×10~8 cfu/g,随着添加量的继续增加,沙障内微生物数量无显著增加趋势;3种外层材料黄麻纤维、玻璃纤维、稻草沙袋沙障内部微生物总数排序为黄麻纤维>稻草>玻璃纤维,黄麻纤维沙障内部土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌三者总数分别比稻草、玻璃纤维的高58.80%、112.64%。     

不同干扰程度对巴音温都尔沙漠球果白刺灌丛空间格局影响的研究

球果白刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)作为巴音温都尔沙漠的重要建群种,具有很高的饲用价值和防风固沙作用。为了探究巴音温都尔沙漠球果白刺在不同干扰程度下灌丛空间格局分布的差异,通过每公顷放牧骆驼的数量来划定不同干扰程度的群落(未干扰群落,骆驼0峰/hm^2;轻度干扰群落,骆驼约0.6峰/hm^2;中度干扰群落,骆驼约1峰/hm^2),分析不同干扰程度对球果白刺灌丛空间点格局分布的影响。结果表明:(1)群落内的球果白刺现存量干重从大到小依次为未干扰的群落(73.33 g/m^2)>轻度干扰的群落(17.67 g/m^2)>中度干扰的群落(13.58 g/m^2);空斑总面积从大到小依次为中度干扰的群落(2 335 m^2)>轻度干扰的群落(2 241.25 m^2)>未干扰的群落(2 143 m^2)。(2)样方内的球果白刺数量从多到少依次为中度干扰的群落(459株)>轻度干扰的群落(272株)>未干扰的群落(142株),随着干扰程度的降低,个体在逐渐增大。(3)中度干扰的球果白刺群落内,在0~3 m、4~19 m的尺度内表现为随机分布,在3~4 m、19~25 m的尺度内表现为聚集分布。轻度干扰的球果白刺群落内,在0~12 m、13~25 m的尺度内表现为随机分布,在12~13 m的尺度内表现为聚集分布。未干扰的群落内,球果白刺表现为随机分布。     

榆阳区刀兔大漠海子保护地两栖爬行动物资源调查

2017年9月和2018年6月,采用围栏陷阱法对榆林市刀兔大漠海子保护地的两栖爬行物种多样性进行了调查研究,探讨了湿地面积的变化对两栖爬行动物的威胁。监测历时36d,5组围栏陷阱共捕获2纲2目4科4种66只两栖爬行动物,捕获率为18.3%。通过1973年和2014年刀兔大漠海子面积的变化,发现人类活动对于湿地的侵蚀和淤积起着重要作用,提出了两栖爬行动物栖息地的保护和管理建议。     

Effect of desert plant ecophysiological adaptation on soil nematode communities

Nutrient source limitation in desert ecosystems enhances competition among plant communities, leading to creation of microhabitats beneath the shrubs that can determine composition and abundance of soil organisms. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of plant ecophysiological adaptation on soil nematode communities in the rhizosphere of tightly interweaving shrubby communities. Soil samples were collected monthly under the canopies of three perennial desert shrubs: Artemesia herba-alba, possessing the allelopathic ability to dominate in relationships with other plants; Reaumuria negevensis, a salt-resistant plant; and Noea mucronata, a typical dry desert shrub. An inter-plant area was used as a control. The results demonstrated that soil water content (SWC) and total organic carbon (C_org) were significantly different under different plants and inter-plant areas, with the highest values found under R. negevensis (SWC) and N. mucronata and R. negevensis (C_org). Plant parasite and omnivore-predator nematodes were more sensitive to the ecophysiological individual features of observed plants versus the total number of nematodes and bacteria- and fungi-feeding nematodes. Generally accepted ecological indices such as Wasilewska (WI), trophic diversity (T), maturity (MI, MMI), basal (BI), enrichment (EI), structure (SI), and channel (CI), pointed to specific ecological conditions under canopies of the observed plants.     

荒漠植物凝结水形成机制研究进展

系统综述了国内外对凝结水的最新研究进展,包括凝结水形成机制、生态作用以及冠层凝结水吸收利用.结合荒漠植物的特点及研究现状,指出加强对荒漠植物吸收冠层凝结水的内在机理研究有助于理解荒漠植物对干旱胁迫的适应,可为全球变暖背景下的荒漠植物响应对策的阐述提供理论依据.     

库姆塔格沙漠东南部胡杨液流变化及其对环境因子的响应

于2018年4月?10月(春季4月、夏季7月、秋季9月)利用PS-TDP8树木茎流监测系统对库姆塔格沙漠东南部胡杨(Populus euphratica)的液流速率变化进行监测,采用相关分析及逐步回归法分析气象因子(太阳总辐射、空气温度、风速、空气相对湿度)对胡杨液流的影响。结果表明:胡杨茎干液流日变化趋势呈几字“宽峰型”;夏季液流的启动时间最早,液流启动在06:00,秋季液流启动时间最晚,不同季节夜间存在较高液流(10.994~26.035 cm·h^?1);树干液流速率与太阳总辐射、空气温度、风速、饱和水气压差呈正相关关系,与空气湿度呈负相关关系;影响春季、秋季胡杨液流速率的主要气象因子是太阳总辐射和空气温度,夏季为太阳总辐射和空气相对湿度;不同季节胡杨液流速率与空气温度、空气相对湿度、风速、饱和水气压差的日变化响应呈顺时针环状,与太阳辐射响应呈逆时针环状;不同季节胡杨液流速率对气象因子的响应规律存在差异。这表明胡杨为了保持水分平衡应对水分亏缺的策略不同,在一定条件下(极端干旱)通过气孔调节降低水分损失。研究结果对于明确干旱沙漠环境中胡杨水分传输对环境因子的响应规律及更深入地认识胡杨适应干旱环境的水分利用策略具有重要意义。     

Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a fixed dune at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is critical for vegetation growth in deserts. However, detailed dataregarding the soil moisture distribution in space and time in the Gurbantunggut Desert have not yet been reported. In this study, we conducted a series ofinsitu observation experiments in a fixed sand dune at the southern edge of the GurbantunggutDesert from February 2014 to October 2016, to explore the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture content, investigate the impact of Haloxylonammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bungeon soil moisture content in its root zone, and examine the factors influencing the soil moisture spatial pattern. One-way analysis of variance,least significant difference testsand correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the soil moisture content exhibited annual periodicity and the temporal variation of soil moisture content throughout a year could be divided into three periods, namely, a moisture-gaining period, a moisture-losing period and a moisture-stable period.According to the temporal and spatial variability, the 0-400 cm soil profile could be divided into two layers: an active layer with moderate variability and a stable layer with weak variability.The temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability in the active layer,and the mean profile soil moisture content at different slope positions displayed the trend of decreasing with increasing relative heightand mainly followed the order of interdunearea>westand east slopes>slope top.The mean profile soil moisture content in the root zone of dead H. ammodendronindividuals was significantly higher than that in the root zones of adult and young individuals, while the soil moisture content in the root zone of adult individuals was slightly higher than that in the root zone of young individuals with no significant difference.The spatial pattern of soil moisture was attributable to the combined effects of snowfall, vegetation and soil texture, whereas the effects of rainfall and evaporation were not significant. The findings may offer a foundation for the management of sandy soil moisture and vegetation restoration in arid areas.     

放牧强度对荒漠草原土壤物理性质及其侵蚀产沙的影响

针对荒漠草原退化已经由植被退化演变到土壤退化的特征,采用野外调查取样和人工模拟降雨相结合的研究方法,探讨不同放牧强度下荒漠草原的土壤紧实度、容重、总孔隙度、水分及其侵蚀量的变化情况,研究结果表明:(1)不同放牧强度下0~10cm土层土壤紧实度受放牧的影响差异显著,且随放牧强度加重而呈明显的增加趋势,对深层土壤的影响有限;(2)0~10cm土层土壤容重差异性显著,且随放牧强度的增加而不断增大,与对照未放牧草地相比,不同放牧强度草地土壤容重增加幅度为5.1%~11.7%;(3)放牧强度对0~20cm深度的土壤含水量影响显著,放牧强度越大,土壤含水量越小,与对照未放牧草地相比,不同放牧强度草地土壤含水量降低12.5%~35.4%;(4)雨强一定时,坡度与放牧强度越大,其土壤侵蚀量明显增加,雨强、坡度条件相同情况下,重度放牧的土壤侵蚀量可达到对照样地4.9~13.6倍;(5)土壤容重与土壤紧实度、土壤总孔隙度之间存在显著正相关,土壤紧实度与不同坡度、降雨、放牧强度的土壤侵蚀量均存在显著正相关,且均为幂函数关系。     

不同补播模式对荒漠草原土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

针对宁夏荒漠草原退化生态系统,采用地表深翻处理后补播蒙古冰草+沙生冰草+牛枝子、沙生冰草+牛枝子、蒙古冰草+牛枝子3种模式进行改良,以未补播草地为对照,通过团聚体粒径组成、平均重量直径、几何平均直径、破坏率等指标,研究不同补播模式对宁夏荒漠草原土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明,0~40cm土层,各补播草地机械稳定性及水稳性团聚体均以<0.25mm微团聚体为主,且随土层加深<0.25mm微团聚体含量逐渐减少,土壤结构趋于稳定;0~20cm浅层土壤,蒙古冰草+沙生冰草+牛枝子补播草地的>0.25mm机械稳定性团聚体含量显著高于未补播草地(P<0.05),不同处理草地之间>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径、几何平均直径及破坏率差异不显著。综上,深翻后补播蒙古冰草+沙生冰草+牛枝子可改善荒漠草原0~20cm浅层土壤机械团聚体稳定性。     

放牧对荒漠草原植物群落资源分配的影响

本试验于2004年在内蒙古畜牧科学院四子王旗实验基地,对不同放牧强度下短花针茅荒漠草原(Stipa breuiflora desert steppe)主要植物的资源分配进行了研究.结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,植物各部分的资源分配比例在减少;冷蒿根部的投资增加,地上投资降低,生殖分配部分在轻牧区最高,适当放牧可增加冷蒿种子繁殖的机会.短花针茅和无芒隐子草在重牧区根茎叶上的投资同时减少,这是植物改变自己资源分配趋向,适应生境的一种方式.