夏玉米茎流速率和茎直径变化规律及其影响因素

为了揭示夏玉米茎流速率和茎直径的变化规律及其影响因素,该研究对夏玉米生育中期的茎流变化和茎直径微变化过程进行监测,分析了二者的日变化过程及相关关系、茎流速率与环境因子之间关系、茎直径随土壤含水率的变化规律。结果表明：茎流速率日变化过程呈单峰曲线型,其变化受太阳辐射、饱和水气压差、风速等气象因子的影响显著,通过对实测数据的分析得到了茎流速率与上述气象因子的线性回归方程,为今后利用气象因子预测夏玉米的叶面蒸腾量提供了基础;茎直径微变化的日变化过程也呈现明显的昼夜变化规律,白天收缩,夜晚复原,每日茎直径最大值随土壤含水率的降低而减小,二者之间呈线性相关关系,依据这一关系可利用茎直径微变化诊断作物缺水状况。     

基于表观热惯量的土壤水分监测

土壤水分含量是监测农业干旱的重要指标, 遥感法是大面积监测土壤水分时空特征的主要方法, 热惯量法是遥感方法监测土壤水分的主要研究手段之一。本文提出了一个改进的表观热惯量模型计算表观热惯量, 并通过地面验证试验对该模型的适用性进行了分析。在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站, 通过严格的控制试验, 设计了10 个不同植被覆盖、不同土壤水分含量的试验小区, 针对表观热惯量的适用条件, 利用实测的地表温度、植被指数、反照率、太阳辐射等参数计算了不同植被覆盖不同土壤水分含量下的表观热惯量,并与土壤体积含水量进行了相关和回归分析。结果表明: 在植被覆盖度较低情况下[归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)<0.35], 表观热惯量法具有较好的效果, 表观热惯量与土壤体积含水量之间的相关系数大于0.7, 通过了95%的显著性检验, 两者具有很高的相关性, 可以用热惯量法监测土壤水分状况; 在较高植被覆盖情况下(NDVI>0.35), 表观热惯量与土壤体积含水量之间没有相关性, 热惯量法监测土壤水分失效; NDVI 为0.35 可以作为热惯量法监测土壤水分状况是否可行的判断条件。     

太阳辐射减弱对冬小麦灌浆期叶绿素荧光及气体交换的影响

以冬小麦为供试材料,在大田试验条件下研究了模拟太阳辐射减弱对冬小麦旗叶光合色素、叶绿素荧光参数及气体交换的影响。试验中设计了15%、20%、40%、60%和100%（CK）自然太阳总辐射5种太阳总辐射处理,同时采用Diving-PAM叶绿素荧光仪和LCpro＋光合仪测定了不同灌浆阶段作物叶绿素荧光及气体交换参数的动态变化。结果表明,太阳辐射减弱效应显著提高了冬小麦各灌浆期的叶绿素、叶黄素含量,但降低了Chla/Chlb和光合速率（Pn）。Fv/Fm、qP、Y（NO）、（1-qP）/NPQ及实际光量子效率（Yield）均随太阳辐射强度下降而呈现下降的趋势,而NPQ、Y（NPQ）和L（PFD）呈上升趋势。可见,太阳辐射减弱时冬小麦叶片会下调PSⅡ原初光化学反应的电子传递效率来适应光能不足的逆境胁迫（光化学猝灭系数qP的下降）,同时降低电子递体（PQ）的活性（量子效率Yield降低）,增加叶片热耗散,导致光合能力降低。     

Spatial variability of photosynthetically active radiation in European beech and Norway spruce

The vertical and horizontal variability of solar radiation within a mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)-Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) mixed stand in Southern Germany is investigated. A large dataset with more than one million spectral measurements of photon fluence rates at six vertical levels within the stand is analyzed with respect to tree species, meteorological sky conditions, and the influence of solar elevation angle on canopy penetration. Irradiance probability density functions of the photosynthetically active waveband are used to describe the three-dimensional radiation field. For a quantification of umbra, penumbra, and sunfleck frequencies, in-canopy fractions of photon fluence rates within the photosynthetically active waveband are investigated. Different phenological stages of beech and their effects on the in-canopy light climate are compared. The results show that during overcast conditions (OVC) fractions of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) are higher at all canopy levels than during clear sky (CS) conditions due to their exclusively diffuse character. The lowest median PAR level of less than 1% of above-canopy PAR can be observed in the shade crown of beech and at ground level. More PAR can penetrate the canopy at a higher solar elevation under CS conditions. This effect is more pronounced for spruce than for beech due to the conical crown shape of the conifers that allows photons from higher angles to enter the gaps inbetween trees in contrast to the more homogeneously closed beech canopy. Solar elevation is not an important factor at uniformly overcast conditions. Differences in the vertical distribution of umbra and penumbra can be detected when comparing species or different sky conditions. The frequency of sunflecks differs more by species and by the vertical position within the canopy than by sky condition.     

X射线能谱和FTIR分析铜胁迫对玉米幼苗的影响

应用X射线能谱和傅里叶变换-衰减全反射红外光谱（FTIR-ATR）分析方法结合一些生理指标的变化及幼苗叶片下表皮扫描电镜观察,研究一定浓度（0、200、400、800、1000mg.kg-1）Cu2＋胁迫对玉米幼苗的影响。结果表明,随着Cu2＋浓度增高,叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT、POD、APX）活...     

冬小麦冠层对入射光合有效辐射吸收比例的估算方法评价

目前研究估算作物冠层对入射光合有效辐射的吸收比例 (fAPAR)时多采用冠层光能截获效率 (fIPAR)、冠层叶面积指数 (LAI) 和Beer-Lambert法则、冠层光谱植被指数等信息。该文以冬小麦为例,利用田间观测数据序列 (包括冠层LAI、冠层fIPAR和冠层光谱特性等方面)对各种fAPAR估算方法进行了较为全面的总结、分析、评价,以明确各法的优势和不足,为今后相关研究提供参考。结果表明,冬小麦营养生长期内fAPAR与fIPAR值较为接近,而冬小麦生殖生长期内二者差异显著;整个研究时段内,利用fIPAR估算的fAPAR结果较好;根据叶面积指数和Beer-Lambert法则估算的fAPAR在抽穗至腊熟期间结果偏小,原因在于该法不能体现穗部对光合有效辐射的有效吸收;直接借用文献记载的fAPAR～NDVI（归一化差值植被指数）函数关系估算的fAPAR在冬小麦营养生长阶段及生殖生长季末期均明显偏大。此外,通过将fAPAR与NDVI、比值植被指数 (RVI)、土壤调整植被指数 (SAVI)、修改型土壤调整植被指数 (MSAVI)等常用植被指数进行相关性分析,发现fAPAR与NDVI的相关关系最强,基于田间数据证实了采用NDVI估算fAPAR的合理性。     

基于夏玉米叶片气孔导度提升的冠层导度估算模型

叶片气孔导度模拟及其向冠层导度的尺度提升是实现蒸散发尺度转换的基础,对农业水资源高效利用与评价意义重大。本文依据夏玉米叶片气孔导度和冠层导度实测值,在建立叶片气孔导度估算模型基础上,构建冠层导度估算模型。结果表明,夏玉米叶片气孔导度每日在10:00－14:00之间达到峰值,其日变化趋势与光合有效辐射的一致性较好,较大的饱和水汽压差对夏玉米叶片气孔导度具有一定的限制作用。根据光合有效辐射和饱和水汽压差建立的叶片气孔导度估算模型能较好反映当地夏玉米叶片气孔导度对主要环境因子的响应过程,以光合有效辐射作为尺度转换因子构建的冠层导度估算模型可较好实现从叶片气孔导度向冠层导度的尺度转换提升。     

Analysis of conformational variations of the cricoid cartilages in Thoroughbred horses using computed tomography

Reasons for performing study: Loss of arytenoid abduction is a common post operative complication of laryngoplasty without a definitive cause. It has been a clinical impression during laryngoplasty surgery that there is great conformational variability along the caudal edge of the Thoroughbred cricoid cartilage that could impact post operative retention of suture position. A change in suture position would probably lead to some loss of abduction. Defining any structural variability of the cricoid would be an initial step in determining whether this variability could impact on the retention of suture position. Hypothesis: Anatomical variations in the larynx of Thoroughbred horses may be detected and measured using objective analysis and computed tomography. Methods: Larynges were harvested from 15 mature Thoroughbred horses. Helical CT scans were performed on each specimen. Three independent observers performed a series of measurements on 2D and 3D reconstruction images using digital software. Measurements included the lateral cricoid angle, the caudal cricoid prominences, the distance to the cricoid slope, the angle of the cricoarytenoid joints (CAJ), the cricoid thickness and the suture angle. Mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and linear regression analysis were performed among all observers and all measurements. Results: Notable conformational differences were evident on the 3D reconstructions. The highest degree of variability was found in 3 measurements: the distance to the lateral cricoid slope, the lateral cricoid angle and the cricoid thickness. A larger left CAJ angle directly and significantly correlated with a larger suture angle. Conclusions: There are notable conformational differences among cricoid specimens in the Thoroughbred larynx. Potential relevance: The morphometric differences identified may impact on optimal prosthesis placement and long‐term retention. Since a larger lateral cricoid angle may facilitate abduction loss secondary to a displaced and loosened suture, alternative techniques for suture placement may be of value to prevent arytenoid abduction loss.     

Use of computed tomography adrenal gland measurement for differentiating ACTH dependence from ACTH independence in 64 dogs with hyperadenocorticism

Background: The measurement of adrenal gland size on computed tomography (CT) scan has been proposed for the etiological diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) in dogs. Symmetric adrenal glands are considered to provide evidence for ACTH‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (ADHAC), whereas asymmetry suggests ACTH‐independent hyperadrenocorticism (AIHAC). However, there are currently no validated criteria for such differentiation. Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare various adrenal CT scan measurements and the derived ratios in ADHAC and AIHAC cases, and to validate criteria for distinguishing between these conditions in a large cohort of dogs. Animals: Sixty‐four dogs with HAC (46 ADHAC, 18 AIHAC). Methods: Dogs with confirmed HAC and unequivocal characterization of its origin were included. Linear measurements of adrenal glands were made on both cross‐sectional and reformatted images. Results: An overlap was systematically observed between the AIHAC and ADHAC groups for all measurements tested. Overlaps also were observed for ratios tested. For the maximum adrenal diameter ratio derived from reformatted images (rADR), only 1/18 AIHAC dogs had a rADR within the range for ADHAC. For a threshold of 2.08, the 95% confidence intervals for estimated sensitivity and specificity extended from 0.815 to 1.000 and from 0.885 to 0.999, respectively, for AIHAC diagnosis. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Measurements from cross‐sectional or reformatted CT scans are of little use for determining the origin of HAC. However, rADR appears to distinguish accurately between ADHAC and AIHAC, with a rADR > 2.08 highly suggestive of AIHAC.     

Clinical, bronchoscopic, histopathologic, diagnostic imaging, and arterial oxygenation findings in West Highland White Terriers with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, interstitial lung disease primarily affecting West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs). Objective: To describe the clinicopathological and diagnostic imaging features in WHWTs with IPF. Animals: Twelve WHWTs with IPF and 14 healthy control WHWTs. Method: Prospective study. Clinical signs and findings of physical examination, blood and arterial blood gas analyses, radiography, high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT), bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of IPF dogs were obtained and compared with controls. Histopathologic changes in IPF dogs were evaluated. Results: Mean partial pressure of oxygen was significantly lower in IPF (mean ± SD, 65.5 ± 15.4 mmHg) than in controls (99.1 ± 7.8 mmHg, P<.001). The alveolar‐arterial oxygen gradient was significantly higher in IPF (50.1 ± 17.3 mmHg) than in controls (17.5 ± 4.9 mmHg, P<.001). In HRCT, ground glass opacity (GGO) was detected in all IPF dogs, traction bronchiectasis in 4, and honeycombing in 1. Bronchoscopic airway changes were noted in all IPF dogs. On BAL fluid (BALF) cytology, the total cell count (TCC) was higher in IPF dogs, and the numbers but not the percentages of macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells were increased. On histopathology, multifocal or diffuse interstitial fibrosis, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, prominent intraalveolar macrophages, distortion of alveolar architecture, and emphysematous change were detected. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: IPF causes substantial hypoxemia. In HRCT, GGO is a consistent finding. IPF dogs have concurrent airway changes and an increase in BALF TCC.