Spatial variation of soil organic carbon concentrations and stable isotopic composition in 1-ha plots of forest and pasture in Costa Rica: implications for the natural abundance technique

The goal of this study was to examine spatial variation of soil organic C and its stable isotopic composition (δ¹³C) in 1-ha plots of mature rain forest and a cattle pasture dominated by C4 grasses in Costa Rica. Soil samples were taken from 80 mapped locations per plot and analyzed for organic C and δ¹³C. The range of values for soil C concentrations was similar between forest and pasture, although the mean values were higher in the forest. δ¹³C was narrowly constrained in the forest (from −27.96 to −26.09‰) but varied from −15.09 to −28.59‰ in the pasture. Variograms revealed spatial autocorrelation of soil C and δ¹³C in the pasture and organic C concentration in the forest soil. The large range and spatial variability of δ¹³C in the pasture site may be due to varying contributions of C3 and C4 vegetation to the soil C pool, which may limit the usefulness of the natural abundance technique as a precise tracer of soil C dynamics in this pasture.     

淹水土壤中久效磷的降解及消失动态

本试验在实验室模拟土壤淹水条件下,研究微生物对久效磷残留及降解的影响。结果表明:在未经灭菌的土壤中,久效磷及其降解物的消失比在灭菌土壤中快,相应的回归方程为C_WT=5.4502e~(-0.0254)t,C_YT=5.8509—0.0423t,残留半衰期分别为27.3和69.2天。久效磷在淹水土壤中降解为甲醇可抽提态和不可抽提态残留物,对甲醇可抽提态残留物经TLC和红外光谱分析表明,其降解物为磷酸三酯、N-去甲基久效磷、O,O-二甲基乙烯基磷酸酯,0-去甲基久效磷,以及O,C-去甲基久效磷,但主要为磷酸三酯,其含量由母液中的5％增加到28—83％,这种降解过程,在未灭菌土壤中比在灭菌土壤中快。     

ABA对水稻花后剑叶光合产物输配作用的示踪动力学研究

运用示踪动力学分析方法,分析 ABA 涂稻穗及剑叶后,剑叶中几种光合产物的变化,发现 ABA 涂稻穗后,能抑制剑叶中暂不输配物质的形成,对可输配物质的形成与光合产物的输出速率具促进作用。ABA 涂剑叶后,对暂不输配物质、结构物质与呼吸消耗具抑制作用,对可输配物质的形成具促进作用。     

Effects of past, present and future atmospheric CO2 concentrations on soil organic matter dynamics in a chaparral ecosystem

Owing to the continuously increasing concentration of atmospheric CO₂, it has become a priority to understand if soil organic matter (SOM) will behave as a sink or a source of CO₂ under future environmental changes. Although many studies have addressed this question, a clear understanding is still missing, particularly with respect to long-term responses. In this study, we quantified soil C stores and dynamics in relationship to soil aggregation and pool composition in a Californian chaparral ecosystem exposed for 6 years to a gradient of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, ranging from pre-industrial levels 250 to 750 μl l⁻¹ CO₂. Fossil fuel-derived CO₂ depleted in ¹³C was used for the fumigation, thus providing a tracer of C input from the vegetation to the soil.Long-term CO₂ exposure invariably affected soil aggregation, with a significant decrease in the macroaggregate fraction at highest CO₂ levels relative to the other two size fractions (i.e. microaggregates and silt and clay). This soil structural change most likely reduced the stability and protection of SOM, and C content generally decreased in most fractions over the CO₂ treatments, and induced faster turnover of recently fixed C at high CO₂ levels. The strongest response was found in the C content of the microaggregates, which decreased significantly (P<0.05) with rising levels of CO₂. We conclude that increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations will decrease soil C in chaparral ecosystems, and that the microaggregate fraction is the most responsive to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO₂.     

基于同位素示踪技术的糙米加湿后精米吸水率的试验研究

该研究以糙米为原料，应用同位素示踪技术研究糙米加湿调质各工艺参数对精米吸水率的影响规律。在糙米加湿调质中用氚水(H₂³O)为同位素示踪剂对所加水分标记，通过放射性测量(cpm值)确定样品吸水率；采用二次旋转正交组合试验方法设计试验，用Reda软件包处理试验数据，得出了各试验参数对精米吸水率影响关系的回归方程，分析了各试验因素对精米吸水率的影响规律，试验结论可以为掌控糙米加湿调质后精米含水率提供理论依据。     

Subsoil retention of organic and inorganic nitrogen in a Brazilian savanna Oxisol

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) loss by leaching poses great challenges for N availability to crops as well as nitrate pollution of groundwater. Few studies address this issue with respect to the role of the subsoil in the deep and highly weathered savanna soils of the tropics, which exhibit different adsorption and drainage patterns to soils in temperate environments. In an Anionic Acrustox of the Brazilian savanna, the Cerrado, dynamics and budgets of applied N were studied in organic and inorganic soil pools of two maize (Zea mays L.) – soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotations using ¹⁵N tracing. Labelled ammonium sulphate was applied at 10 kg N ha^?1 (with 10 atom%¹⁵N excess) to both maize and soybean at the beginning of the cropping season. Amounts and isotopic composition of N were determined in above‐ground biomass, soil, adsorbed mineral N, and in soil solution at 0.15, 0.3, 0.8, 1.2 and 2 m depths using suction lysimeters throughout one cropping season. The applied ammonium was rapidly nitrified or immobilized in soil organic matter, and recovery of applied ammonium in soil 2 weeks after application was negligible. Large amounts of nitrate were adsorbed in the subsoil (150–300 kg NO₃^?‐N ha^?1 per 2 m) matching total N uptake by the crops (130–400 kg N ha^?1). Throughout one cropping season, more applied N (49–77%; determined by ¹⁵N tracers) was immobilized in soil organic matter than was present as adsorbed nitrate (2–3%). Most of the applied N (71–96% of ¹⁵N recovery) was found in the subsoil at 0.15–2 m depth. This coincided with an increase with depth of dissolved organic N as a proportion of total dissolved N (39–63%). Hydrophilic organic N was the dominant fraction of dissolved organic N and was, together with nitrate, the most important carrier for applied N. Most of this N (>80%) was leached from the topsoil (0–0.15 m) during the first 30 days after application. Subsoil N retention as both adsorbed inorganic N, and especially soil organic N, was found to be of great importance in determining N losses, soil N depletion and the potential of nitrate contamination of groundwater.     

青藏高原中部土壤水中稳定同位素变化

根据 1 998年夏季测得的青藏高原中部那曲地区降水和土壤水中稳定同位素 ,分析了不同层位土壤剖面中稳定同位素的变化规律及与水分迁移的关系。研究结果发现 ,土壤表层水中δ1 8O受降水中δ1 8O的直接影响 ,并且与降水中δ1 8O有相同的变化趋势 ,而地下水中δ1 8O受降水中δ1 8O的直接影响不明显 ,变化幅度很小 ,表明地下水并非直接来源于当年夏季的降水 ,可能代表了多年降水的平均状态。不同土壤剖面水中δ1 8O的变化反映了降水向地下逐渐渗浸的过程。表层土壤水中δ1 8O受降水的影响最为明显 ,而向下土壤水中δ1 8O受地下水δ1 8O的影响增强 ,显示出地下水在土壤水分活动中起着活跃的作用。     

稻米中同位素与多元素特征及其产地溯源PCA-LDA判别

通过探究谷物中同位素与多元素的地域特色及其产地溯源的可能性,本研究采用稳定同位素质谱和等离子发射光谱质谱法测定稻米中同位素比率和多元素含量,并结合化学计量学中主成分分析(PCA)和线性判别分析(LDA)法建立模型,对不同省份的稻米进行产地溯源判定。结果表明,各地产的稻米中稳定同位素δ15N、δ13C、δD、δ18O数值范围不同,而且Li、Be和Na等其他矿物元素的含量变化较大,Pb、Sr同位素比率也各不相同,具有一定的地域特征。PCA法能够初步辨别各稻米地产,本研究进一步采用PCA-LDA法能够对大区域(黑龙江省、江苏省和辽宁省)的稻米进行产地判别,通过对23个样本进行判别验证,正确率为91%。对于黑龙江省4个地产的稻米样品,由于地理差异性比较小,同时样本数比较少,故只对其中2个产地稻米进行判别。通过同位素比率和多元素的含量的测定再结合化学计量学分析,一定程度上能够区分不同产地的稻米,为稻米产地溯源的可行性提供了方法依据。     

Potential use of rare earth oxides as tracers of organic matter in grassland

Tracing organic matter (OM) in soil is challenging, because runoff and leaching processes are interrelated and have multiple sources. Therefore, multiple tracers with low background concentrations such as rare earth element oxides (REOs) are necessary to delineate the origin of sources of the organic materials in groundwater, rivers or in catchments. The main objective of this study was to examine the potential use of REOs as a tracer in various forms of OM (1) whole slurry, (2) solid, and (3) liquid phase of cattle slurry after mechanical separation. A laboratory experiment was carried out using five REOs (La, Gd, Sm, Pr, and Nd oxides) mixed directly into soil or mixed with various fractions of cattle slurry and then applied to the soil surface. In the additional grassland experiment, Gd oxide was spiked with soil and cattle slurry and then applied to the soil surface. The mineral N in the liquid phase (urine) of the slurry in the grassland experiment was labelled with ¹⁵N urea (16 atom%). In the laboratory experiment, results showed that the five REOs concentration of soil in 0–1 cm soil section after the rainfall simulation was still up to 20 times more than the background values. In 1–2 cm soil section, the concentration of only Gd (two fold higher) and La oxides (50% higher) were significantly higher than the soil background values. Therefore, we hypothesized that Gd and La oxides were associated also with relatively finer organic particles in slurry, thus 1–2 cm soil section were enriched with these oxides. The five REOs concentration below 2 cm soil depth were similar to the background values in all treatments. In line with the laboratory experiment, Gd concentrations in the deeper soil layers (2–4 and 4–8 cm) in the grassland experiment were not significantly affected by any treatment. Both in grassland and laboratory experiment, solid phase of the slurry (dung) was collected from the soil surface after rainfall simulation. Here, about 56% of REOs were measured on the solid phase of the slurry which indicates the strong binding potential of REOs on slurry OM. The present novel study, where REO tagged slurry was uniquely tested to study geochemical cycle of organic fertilizers, clearly highlighted the potential for their use as multiple‐tracers of (animal derived‐) OM in agricultural soils.     

辽宁省水稻新品种产量及产量结构与环境效应的方差分析

以辽宁省2004～2005年中晚熟水稻区试参试品种为试材,分析了水稻品种在不同试点的产量和产量结构的差异,方差分析表明:水稻品种产量的变化主要受环境效应影响,年份×地点互作效应是影响产量的主要随机因素。每穴穗数、每穗总粒数、成粒率、千粒重都与产量有显著线性效应,每穴穗数和每穗总粒数对产量的直接作用较大,每穗总粒数通过每穴穗数对产量表现为显著负向作用。