牦牛肉中稳定同位素指纹特征及影响因素

【目的】分析牦牛肉中稳定碳、氮、氢同位素组成,以及它们受地域、牧草和饮水的影响,为其产地溯源及真伪鉴别提供技术支撑。【方法】从青海省海北、海南、玉树3个不同地域采集牦牛肉、牧草及水样品,利用GPS定位采样地的经度、纬度及海拔高度,利用元素-稳定同位素比率质谱仪（EA-IRMS）分析样品中稳定碳、氮、氢同位素比率。【结果】牦牛脱脂肌肉、粗脂肪中的δ¹³C平均值分别为（-23.99±0.25）‰和（-28.77±0.50）‰;脱脂肌肉中的δ¹⁵N和δ²H平均值分别为（4.04±0.91）‰和（-107.99±11.08）‰。牦牛肉中δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值主要受其食用的牧草影响,地域对牦牛肉中的δ¹³C值也有一定的影响,即牦牛肉中δ¹³C值有随海拔的增加而增加的趋势。青海省海北、海南、玉树3个地区牧草和水中的δ²H值均有极显著差异,牧草中δ2H值由高到低的顺序依次为海南＞海北＞玉树,水中δ²H值由高到低的顺序依次为海北＞海南＞玉树。牦牛肌肉中δ²H值由高到低的顺序依次为海南＞海北＞玉树,与牧草中δ2H值的地域变化顺序一致。说明牦牛肉中的δ²H值与牧草、饮水密切相关,均有随海拔升高而降低的趋势,且牧草对牦牛组织中氢同位素组成的影响可能大于水的影响,但这还需要进一步研究证实。【结论】牦牛肉中稳定同位素指纹与高海拔地区的牧草、饮水、地形密切相关,具有独特的指纹特征。     

Factors affecting the virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum and its colonization on tobacco roots

Tobacco bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease affecting tobacco cultivation in southwest China. The response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the optimal conditions of tobacco bacterial wilt, and green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) labelling was applied to monitor the location and survival dynamics of R. solanacearum (Rs::gfp) on tobacco roots and in soil under these optimal conditions. The results showed that the highest wilt incidence was 91.13%, which occurred when the population reached 6.6 × 10⁶ CFU/g soil, the temperature was 30.55 °C, and the humidity was >81.42%. The Rs::gfp densely colonized the root tips and root hairs, and cells of Rs::gfp were observed intermittently in the elongation zone or at the point of the emerging lateral roots. The Rs::gfp number in the rhizosphere soil was 10.75‐, 73.13‐ and 74.86‐times higher than that in the bulk soil at 10, 15 and 20 days after transplantation, respectively. Increased colonization by Rs::gfp was related to the population of the pathogen, the environmental temperature and the humidity in the soil. These three conditions determined whether R. solanacearum would induce tobacco wilt. This is the first study to investigate factors affecting the virulence of a tobacco wilt bacterial pathogen, which is important for conducting field diagnosis and biocontrol of tobacco bacterial wilt.     

2014年浑善达克沙地黄柳生长季水分来源同位素示踪研究

黄柳是我国内蒙古东部和辽宁西部沙丘上广泛分布的多年生灌木,是极佳的固沙树种.通过利用氢同位素示踪方法,测定了2014年浑善达克沙地黄柳生长季茎干水与潜在水源(降水、土壤水、地下水)氢同位素比率δD值,并利用多源线性混合模型IsoSource,计算了黄柳对各潜在水源的利用比例.结果表明:在5月黄柳80％以上利用120 ～ 160 cm土壤水和地下水;6月主要吸收0～40 cm土壤水;7月主要吸收120～160 cm土壤水;8月以地下水为主要水源,利用率为82％.这表明生长在不同季节的黄柳对于各潜在水源的利用有特定的适应结果,同时也说明荒漠灌木可以通过自身的调节朝着最优的方向发展,实现最大限度的水分利用.     

西藏雨季主要水体氢、氧同位素特征

通过对2014年雨季西藏境内63处水体中δD和δ~(18)O值的测定,分析其中氢、氧稳定同位素组成特征。结果表明:水体δD和δ~(18)O的取值范围分别为-152.06‰~-19.05‰和-16.96‰~4.66‰,δD较δ~(18)O的标准差大,平均值分别为-101.38‰和-9.67‰;3种水体的δD和δ~(18)O值关系为湖泊δD相对河流δD富集,河流δD相对沼泽δD富集,湖泊δ~(18)O相对河流δ~(18)O和沼泽δ~(18)O富集,河流δ~(18)O和沼泽δ~(18)O无差异;蒸发趋势方程分别为δD湖泊=6.14δ~(18)O-45.48(n=22,R2=0.855),δD河流=7.83δ~(18)O-26.22(n=32,R2=0.858),δD沼泽=5.93δ~(18)O-52(n=9,R2=0.723),河流相比湖泊和沼泽水体的δD与δ~(18)O更易受大气降水的影响;氘过量参数特征为湖泊-79‰~-17‰,河流-40‰~-5‰,湿地沼泽-34‰~-7‰,表现出蒸发强烈的水体特征;沼泽水体δ~(18)O与纬度的一元线性回归方程为y=1.67x-63.23。     

宁夏中部半干旱带不同灌溉量下的禾豆混播效果

以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens)两种豆科牧草与无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)、扁穗冰草(Agropyron cristatum)3种禾本科牧草为材料,在宁夏中部半干旱地区开展禾本科和豆科牧草单播及禾豆混播试验,设置3种水分梯度处理,即低灌溉量(484 mm)、中灌溉量(707 mm)、高灌溉量(1 160mm),对不同水分处理条件下单混播组合的产量、整株的碳同位素分辨率(Δ~(13)C)及光合作用参数等生理指标进行测定分析。结果表明,在宁夏中部干旱带有灌溉条件下进行禾豆牧草混播可以提高群体的产量和水分利用效率,其中沙打旺+披碱草混播组合产量及水分利用效率表现最好且Δ~(13)C值最高。不同水分处理对禾、豆牧草的株高、光合生理参数、产量及Δ~(13)C等有显著影响(P0.05)。牧草混播组合在高灌溉量时的产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及Δ~(13)C最高,低灌溉量条件下最低。在高灌溉量时Δ~(13)C、气孔导度(Gs)、叶温、株高等与产量和WUE的关系最为密切。因此,在高灌溉量时可将高Δ~(13)C作为筛选高产组合的标准,在低灌溉量时可将低Δ~(13)C作为筛选抗旱节水组合的理想指标。     

稳定13C同位素示踪技术在农田土壤碳循环和团聚体 固碳研究中的应用进展

农田土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解直接影响陆地生态系统碳贮藏与全球碳平衡。土壤团聚体是土壤结构的物质基础和土壤肥力的重要载体,也是土壤有机碳的固定场所。稳定~(13)C同位素示踪技术是研究土壤碳动态变化的有效手段,能够揭示新输入碳在土壤及团聚体中赋存状态、周转过程以及微生物的调节机制。本文主要归纳与阐述了稳定~(13)C同位素示踪技术在农田土壤有机碳循环及土壤团聚体固碳机理方面的研究进展,提出~(13)C同位素示踪技术在未来土壤碳循环和固碳机制方面的主要研究方向。     

Interaction of Different Wheat Genotypes and Nitrification Inhibitor 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate Using 15N Isotope Tracing Techniques

To investigate the effect of applying ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate with or without a nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on fertilizer use efficiency and crop productivity of different wheat genotypes, a field trial was conducted at the Nuclear Agricultural Department’s farm of Iran in 2013–2014. The treatments included five wheat genotypes with different 13 C isotope discrimination and three fertilizer treatments, an unfertilized control, ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate, and ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium sulfate with DMPP in three replications. Soil samples were taken after 2, 4, and 6 weeks after sowing and also at harvest time. Results from ¹⁵N experiment showed that DMPP delayed nitrification of ammonium for 42 days. Genotypes with lower discrimination index had greater uptake of ammonium ions which led to increase crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. The results also suggested that the use of DMPP may not be beneficial in some fast growing wheat genotypes.     

稻-麦轮作体系中有机氮与无机氮的去向研究

【目的】在中国多熟制农作生态系统条件下,农田中氮素的低有效度是阻碍作物高产和导致环境问题的重要因素。本项研究旨在跟踪稻麦轮作体系中化学氮肥与有机作物残茬(专指作物地上部秸秆)的氮素去向,为农田氮素的可持续管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用随机区组设计的田间多重复小区内设置15N同位素示踪微区的连续跟踪试验的方法。【结果】在施用化学氮肥的基础上无论作物残茬是取出还是还田,肥料对作物吸氮的贡献率为17.17%(16.55%—17.79%),而施用作物残茬的相应值为12.01%,即作物吸氮有82.83%或87.99%来源于土壤氮库。化学氮肥和作物残茬的作物氮素回收显示截然不同的模式:作物对化肥氮的回收呈现一次性特征,即施肥后第1季的氮回收量占到总回收氮量的92.04%,与之相应单施作物残茬区的第1季作物15N回收率为总回收率的38.03%。表明化肥氮绝大部分在第1季为作物回收,作物残茬氮则有较长的后效;第1季结束时,化学氮肥区和作物残茬区的土壤15N残留率分别为33.46%(两种残茬管理方式的平均值)和85.64%。残茬氮的土壤残留远远高于化肥氮的残留率;在第6季(化学氮肥区)或第5季(作物残茬区)结束时,化肥区与残茬区的作物+土壤的总15N回收率有显著差异(分别为64.38%和79.11%),而在施用化学氮肥的基础上加入或不加作物残茬对肥料氮的作物+土壤回收率则影响很小。【结论】化学肥料氮与作物残茬氮相比,前者对作物吸氮而言更为快速有效。而与之相反,作物残茬氮则对提高土壤供氮能力有更多贡献,因为作物残茬氮进入土壤有机质库的量高于化肥氮。为此,在农业生产中应实行化学氮肥与有机氮源的合理配合使用。     

氮肥配施秸秆和厩肥对土壤NH4＋-N和NO3--N转化的影响

设置了7个不同的施肥处理（①不施秸秆、氮肥和厩肥（CK）;②单施氮肥;③麦秸＋氮肥;④麦秸加倍＋氮肥;⑤麦秸＋氮肥＋厩肥;⑥玉米秸秆＋麦秸＋氮肥;⑦玉米秸秆＋麦秸＋氮肥＋厩肥）,研究不同处理对冬小麦季土壤NH4＋-N和NO3--N转化的影响。结果表明,氮肥配施秸秆和厩肥的处理冬小麦季土壤NH4＋-N和NO3-N的数量均以冬前最高,施厩肥处理土壤NH4＋-N和NO3--N的数量明显高于其他处理。     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The effect of dietary methionine levels on endogenous nitrogen and endogenous amino acids flows in growing goats

The effect of dietary methionine (Met) levels on endogenous N and amino acids (AA) flows at different part of the digestive tract of growing goats was determined using a ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique. Three goats (25 ± 2.5 kg) were fitted with the ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulae and allocated to three dietary treatments in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The dietary treatments consisted of a total mixed ration containing three levels of Met (0.15%, 0.25% and 0.35%) respectively. It was found that at 0.15% Met level, the lowest flow in endogenous N and total AA at the duodenum and ileum occurred. The endogenous N secretion contributed to 26% and 23% of the duodenal and ileal total N flows, respectively, and the proportions were not affected by the dietary Met levels. The duodenal and ileal flows of endogenous total AA were 11.1, 11.8, 11.3 g/d and 2.9, 3.9, 4.1 g/d respectively. The average real digestibility of N was 65%, 87% and 95% in the forestomach, intestine and whole digestive tract respectively.