活性污泥法预处理微污染水的试验研究

分析了微污染水的水质特点,在现有的微污染水处理技术的基础上,提出了一种新的预处理方法,即采用活性污泥法对微污染水进行预处理。实验结果表明:采用活性污泥法处理微污染水,处理效果好,高锰酸钾指数CODmn和总有机碳TOC的平均去除率分别为90.82%和87.09%,最终出水CODmn和TOC平均值为2.644mg/L和2.993mg/L,去除效果明显。     

淮北平原土壤高光谱特征及有机质含量预测

以安徽省淮北平原的蒙城县为研究区,采集131个表层土壤(0～20 cm)样品。采用Cary 5000分光光度计测定土壤光谱反射率,分析该地区典型土壤类型的光谱特征,利用偏最小二乘回归方法建立土壤有机质光谱预测模型。首先比较不同光谱变换对土壤有机质含量光谱预测建模的影响;其次根据光谱相似性对土壤样品进行分类,比较不同土壤类型和不同光谱分类的有机质光谱预测精度。结果表明:①不同土壤有机质含量和不同土壤类型光谱曲线在整体波段范围内趋势基本一致;有机质含量与光谱反射率呈显著负相关;有机质含量越低,曲线特征差异明显,可能是受其他因素的影响;②土壤光谱反射率经倒数的对数处理后,有机质光谱建模的决定系数和相对分析误差均有所提高,均方根误差降低,模型预测效果较优;③按照光谱相似性分类后建立的有机质光谱预测模型,比按土壤类型建立的光谱预测模型精度明显提高。     

An improved algorithm for mapping burnt areas in the Mediterranean forest landscape of Morocco

The identification of burnt forests and their monitoring provide essential information for the suitable management and conservation of these ecosystems. This research focuses on the use of remote sensing with MODIS sensor data in a Mediterranean environment, precisely in the Rif region known for its high occurrence of forest fires and the largest burnt areas in Morocco. It mapped the burnt areas during the summer of 2016 using spectral indices from MODIS images, namely the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and the Burnt Area Index for MODIS (BAIM). Two field surveys were used to calibrate spectral indices and validate the maps. First, a monotemporal analysis using a single pre-fire image determined the appropriate threshold of the spectral indices (BAIM and NBR) for burn detecting. Secondly, a multitemporal method was applied based on dBAIM and dNBR images which represented pre-fire and postfire differences of the BAIM and NBR images, respectively. The results show that separate use of monotemporal postfire and multitemporal methods produced an overestimation of the burnt areas. Finally, we propose a new algorithm combining both methods for burnt area mapping that we name Burnt Area Algorithm. MCD45A1 and MCD64A1 MODIS burnt area products were compared to the proposed algorithm. Validation of the estimated burnt areas using reference data of the Moroccan High Commission for Water, Forests and Fight against Desertification showed satisfactory results using the proposed algorithm, with a determination coefficient of 0.68 and a root mean square error of 44.0 ha.     

Assessment of biomass and net primary productivity of a dry tropical forest using geospatial technology

This study quantifies biomass, aboveground and belowground net productivity, along with additional environmental factors over a 2-3 year period in Barnawapara Sanctuary of Chhattisgarh, India through satellite remotesensing and GIS techniques. Ten sampling quadrates20×20, 5×5 and 1×1 m were randomly laid for overstorey (OS), understorey (US) and ground vegetation(GS), respectively. Girth of trees was measured at breast height and collar diameters of shrubs and herbs at 0.1 m height. Biomass was estimated using allometric regression equations and herb biomass by harvesting. Net primary productivity (NPP) was determined by Ssumming biomass increment and litter crop values. Aspect and slope influenced the vegetation types, biomass and NPP in different forests. Standing biomass and NPP varied from 18.6 to101.5 Mg ha^-1 and 5.3 to 12.7 Mg ha^-1 a^-1, respectively,in different forest types. The highest biomass was found in dense mixed forest, while net production recoded in Teak forests. Both were lowest in degraded mixed forests of different forest types. OS, US and GS contributed 90.4, 8.7and 0.7%, respectively, for the total mean standing biomass in different forests. This study developed spectral models for the estimation of biomass and NPP using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and other vegetation indices.The study demonstrated the potential of geospatial tools for estimation of biomass and net productivity of dry tropical forest ecosystem.     

联合预处理方法对玉米秸秆厌氧消化产气的 影响研究进展

我国玉米（Zea mays）秸秆年产量居世界之首,具有来源广、产量高的特点。厌氧消化产气是 玉米秸秆高效利用的重要途径之一。玉米秸秆主要成分包括纤维素、半纤维素和木质素,其复杂的三维 网络结构对其厌氧发酵产生极大的阻碍作用,导致产期周期长、产气量和生物降解率偏低等问题。为了 提高玉米秸秆的消化率,首先需要通过一定的预处理技术高效破坏其紧密结构,从而提高玉米秸秆的生 物再利用性。目前,秸秆的预处理方法有物理预处理、化学预处理、生物预处理以及联合预处理方法等。 文章在简单介绍玉米秸秆主要成分及含量的基础上,概述了当前玉米秸秆联合预处理方法,并分析了其 对玉米秸秆厌氧消化产气的影响。     

用加压热水预处理山毛榉树粉生产燃料乙醇的初步研究

采用间歇式加压热水实验装置,研究了加压热水用于山毛榉树粉的分离规律,探讨了不同温度、处理时间对生物质分离的影响.当温度低于200℃时 ,随着温度升高和反应时间延长,木粉溶解量、木糖浓度和糠醛浓度均逐渐升高,而葡萄糖浓度和5-羟甲基糠醛浓度则较低.但当温度高于200 ℃时,生物质溶解量基本不随反应时间的变化而变化,葡萄糖浓度随反应时间延长逐渐增加,木糖浓度则随着反应时间的延长而下降,糠醛浓度则随着反应时间的延长基本不变甚至略有下降,5-羟甲基糠醛浓度则随着反应时间的延长而增大.     

不同条件下夏玉米冠层反射光谱响应特性的研究

通过对两个年份不同牛育阶段的田间夏玉米活体进行冠层反射光谱测定,该文分析了不同空间尺度、种植密度、观测角度、生育阶段、叶面积指数KAI、氮素胁迫、叶片含水量以及与杂草共生等8个条件下的冠层反射光谱响应特性,并探讨其发生机理,研究结果表明,夏玉米在不同条件下的冠层反射光谱响应均呈现出一定的规律性.在近红外波段,其反射率值随氮肥施用量的增加而增大,尤以750～1350 nm波段,但在可见光波段,反射率值降低;随着观测探头的逐步升高,反射率值降低:随杂草量的增多,反射率值逐渐增大.这些结果揭示了高光谱遥感田间夏玉米理化信息获取的巨大潜力,同时,为以后遥感反演建模提供了依据.     

预处理及培养方法协同作用对新铁炮百合种子萌发的影响

【目的】 研究不同预处理方式下培养方法协同作用对新铁炮百合种子萌发的影响。【方法】 以新铁炮百合雷山1号种子为材料,采用三因素四水平正交试验设计,研究不同水平的预处理方式、培养温度、培养方式对新铁炮百合雷山1号种子萌发的影响,以及不同温度下种子萌发过程中可溶性糖和过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的动态变化规律。【结果】 培养温度是影响新铁炮百合雷山1号种子萌发的主要因素,其次是预处理方式和培养方式。雷山1号种子的最佳预处理方式是4℃浸种7 d,最佳培养温度是21℃,最佳培养方式是土壤播种,发芽率为99.18%,播种后第9 d发芽指数为4.65。不同温度处理下,种子萌发过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性表现出先增加后下降的趋势,可溶性糖含量则呈现出先下降再上升的趋势,其中21℃处理下种子的抗逆性和贮藏物质的转化利用要高于15、18和25℃处理下的种子,21℃为适宜温度。【结论】 雷山1号种子的最佳处理方式为4℃浸种7 d于21℃下土壤播种。     

板栗中毒死蜱农药残留检测结果满意度的研究

本文就如何保证农产品农药残留能力验证实验结果满意需要注意几个关键点进行探讨分析。要想通过板栗中毒死蜱农残的能力验证,样品前处理采用NY/T 761的方法,必须注意：提取液的过滤要用定性滤纸或脱脂棉,提取液过滤后静置时间控制在30 min～40 min之间,吸取10 mL乙腈液体要准确,净化步骤的水浴温度要严格按照方法要求,氮吹切记不要吹的太干,吹到潮乎乎为宜,SPE小柱的活化平衡要充分,上样时液面不能流干,上样后尽可能流干再洗脱,最后定容5.00 mL要准确。检测结束后,对结果进行验证很重要,可采用盲样的空白基质基质配标和空白基质基质加标画标准曲线两种办法。     

Air-drying changes the distribution of Hedley phosphorus pools in forest soils

Hedley labile phosphorus(P)pools in soil tend to be several times larger than annual forest requirements,even in highly weathered soils characterized by P limitation.The discrepancy between plant and soil P status could be partly attributable to the frequently adopted air-drying pretreatment that tends to increase soil P solubility.In this study,the effects of air-drying on the distribution of Hedley P fractions were examined using soils collected under 4 forest types at Gongga Mountain,southwestern China.The results showed that the microbial biomass P(Pmic)in the organic horizon decreased markedly after air-drying.The concentrations of Hedley labile P in the air-dried samples were 31%–73%more than those in the field-moist samples.Consequently,the air-drying-induced increments of Hedley labile P pools in the surface soil horizons were 0.8–3.8 times the annual plant P requirements.The organic horizon was more susceptible to the air-drying-induced increases in Hedley labile P than the mineral horizon,probably because of the stronger release of Pmicand disruption of soil organic matter.The quality of P,indexed by the ratio of Hedley labile P to slowly cycling P,shifted in favor of the Hedley labile fractions after air-drying,further revealing that air-drying changed the distribution of Hedley P pools in forest soils.These indicated that the effects of air-drying could not be ignored when interpreting the discrepancy between the P status of plants and the Hedley labile P pools in forest soils.To more efficiently evaluate the P status in forest soils via the Hedley fractionation procedure,the use of field-moist soils is recommended.