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61.
对张家沟集水区内的树木,运用Visual foxpro编写程序计算树木的竞争指数,并对树木所受到的竞争强度的平均值进行统计,根据结果分析树木竞争指数的分布格局。 相似文献
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Branch mortality and potential litterfall from Douglas-fir trees in stands of varying density 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Douglas A. Maguire 《Forest Ecology and Management》1994,70(1-3):41-53
Forest floor characteristics influence nutrient cycling and energy flow properties of forest ecosystems, and determine quality of habitat for many forest plants and animals. Differential crown recession and crown development among stands of differing density suggest that an opportunity may exist to control the input of fine woody litter into the system by manipulating stand density. The objective was to measure the rate of branch mortality among stands of differing density and to estimate the range in total per hectare necromass inputs. Although litter traps are reliable for estimating per hectare rates of litterfall, branch mortality dating on sectioned stems uniquely allows assessment of several other litterfall components: (1) individual tree contributions to total litterfall; (2) the amount of branch material released by mortality, regardless of whether the branches are shed to the forest floor; (3) the distribution of basal diameters characterizing the litterfall from a given tree and stand. Twenty-four trees were felled and sectioned on permanent plots that were part of a silvicultural study of stand density regimes in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco.). Whorl branches were dissected out of bole sections to determine the dates of mortality, and a branch biomass equation was applied to estimate potential rate of litterfall. Periodic annual rates were expressed in four ways: (1) number of branches per tree; (2) mass of branches per tree; (3) mass of branches per unit of crown projection area; (4) mass of branches per hectare. For the growth periods investigated, larger trees and trees growing on denser plots tended to release a greater necromass through branch mortality. Average branch basal diameter generally decreased with increasing stand density. Annual branch mortality ranged from 33 to 430 g m−2 crown projection area for individual trees, and from 236 to 1035 kg ha−1 for individual plots. These rates approached the low end of the range of previously published fine litterfall rates for Douglas-fir. Rates on these plots were relatively low owing to the temporary delay in crown recession imposed by artificial thinning. A conceptual model of branch litter dynamics is presented to depict consistencies with crown development among stands managed under different density regimes. 相似文献
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武夷山风景名胜区景观空间格局研究 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
景观结构又称景观空间格局 ,是大小和形状不一的景观嵌块体在景观空间上的排列 (伍业钢等 ,1992 )。景观结构决定着景观功能 ,而功能的改变最终将从结构的变化中反映出来 ,因此 ,景观空间格局研究是景观生态学三大核心问题的核心 (贾宝全等 ,2 0 0 1)。景观异质性是景观最重要的属性之一 (Formanetal .,1986 ;Risseretal.,1984 ;Turner,1987) ,而景观空间格局既是景观异质性的具体体现者 ,同时又是多种生态过程在不同尺度上作用的最终结果 (贾宝全等 ,2 0 0 1)。景观空间格局及其变化和发展是自然、生物和社会要素相互作用的结果 ,影响着… 相似文献
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Different methodological approaches from the field of spatial statistics, the index of cluster size (ICS) and quadrat methods such as the two-term and three-term local quadrat variance (TTLQV and 3TLQV) and the new local variance (NLV) were tested to find a simple spatial measure to classify mixed coniferous uneven-aged, even-aged and conversion stands in the central Black Forest area of Germany. Altogether six stands were analysed with regularly distributed sample plots of 0.25 ha (50×50 m), each subdivided into 25 quadrats of 10×10 m. In each of the quadrats, diameter at breast height (dbh) for trees of the overstory (dbh>7 cm) was assessed and classified into three diameter classes. Height measurements were used to develop specific stand height curves for each stand and to calculate the standing volume per tree and per quadrat. The even-aged stands showed a regular distribution of the standing volume, while the conversion and uneven-aged stands were more clustered. This was detected using ICS, which proved to be a simple but very efficient measure for stand structure. The ICS also showed a highly random distribution of small and medium trees and a regular distribution of large trees of the overstory in the uneven-aged stand. Large and medium trees of one even-aged stand were also regularly distributed while conversion stands showed a regular, random or slightly clustered distribution of these trees. The more uneven the ages in the stands were, the larger were the phases detected by the NLV. The findings of the ICS were generally supported by the TTLQV and 3TLQV. The more uneven the ages in a stand were, the less clustered were the trees of different sizes of the understory. Clustering also decreased with increasing height of understory trees. The patterns detected in the investigated stands were related to the effect of different management regimes. Implications for the management of conversions stands based on the findings of the study are given. 相似文献
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B. K. Epperson 《New Forests》1992,6(1-4):257-278
The spatial pattern and structure of genetic variation are important aspects of the population genetics of forest stands. Combined with limits to seed and pollen dispersal, spatial structure affects the level of inbreeding and the action of natural selection. The genetic constitution of stand regeneration, following different forestry practices, is also influenced by spatial structure. For example, natural regeneration with seed trees involves sampling seed trees from a stand that may be genetically nonhomogeneous. This paper reviews theoretical and empirical results on spatial patterns of genetic variation, produced under limited gene flow and selection, in terms of recently developed spatial statistics (e.g., spatial autocorrelation). Genetic correlations in samples from spatially structured populations are also described, as well as how spatial samples can be used to characterize the structure of genetic variation, and how inferences can be made about (spatially distributed) components of fitness and yield. 相似文献
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Forests play a central role in the global carbon cycle.China's forests have a high carbon sequestration potential owing to their wide distribution,young age and relatively low carbon density.Forest biomass is an essential variable for assessing carbon sequestration capacity,thus determining the spatio-temporal changes of forest biomass is critical to the national carbon budget and to contribute to sustainable forest management.Based on Chinese for-est inventory data (1999-2013),this study explored spatial patterns of forest biomass at a grid resolution of 1 km by applying a downscaling method and further analyzed spatio-temporal changes of biomass at different spatial scales.The main findings are:(1) the regression relationship between forest biomass and the associated influencing factors at a provincial scale can be applied to estimate biomass at a pixel scale by employing a downscaling method;(2) for-est biomass had a distinct spatial pattern with the greatest biomass occurring in the major mountain ranges;(3) forest biomass changes had a notable spatial distribution pattern;increase (i.e.,carbon sinks) occurred in east and southeast China,decreases (i.e.,carbon sources) were observed in the northeast to southwest,with the largest biomass losses in the Hengduan Mountains,Southern Hainan and Northern Da Hinggan Mountains;and,(4) forest vegetation functioned as a carbon sink during 1999-2013 with a net increase in biomass of 3.71 Pg. 相似文献
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以山西省永济市耕地为研究区域,通过收集整理土壤环境质量样点数据,运用GIS技术建立了土壤环境质量数据库,依据国家土壤环境质量评价标准进行分析评价,获得了永济市耕地土壤环境质量评价结果.土壤面源污染水、土综合评价结果表明:18个样点中有3个为无污染,11个为轻度污染,4个为中度污染.点源污染土壤综合评价结果表明:该区主要污染物为F、Cl、Pb、Cd、As及DDT.蔬菜地样点综合评价表明:大部分蔬菜生产符合绿色食品种植要求(NY/T391-2000)和无公害食品蔬菜地种植要求(NY5010-2001);在不符合要求的样点中,超标物主要是Cd、Pb、Hg、As及DDT.该研究为进一步加强土壤环境质量管理与修复决策奠定了基础. 相似文献