ASTER遥感数据在矿区生态损害现状监测中的应用

德兴铜矿矿山多年开采对矿区生态环境造成极大的损害,为维护矿区可持续发展,生态损害现状调查尤为重要。利用ASTER数据结合野外实测各类地物反射光谱曲线,利用矿物指数提取矿区重金属和粘土污染;采用差值法提取水体污染状况;采用NDVI彩色密度分割法提取矿区植被污染信息。研究表明,铜矿区生态损害现状甚为严重,利用遥感手段监测矿区生态环境是完全可行的。这为矿区土地复垦与生态修复提供了技术支持和决策依据。     

Effect of soil matric potential on tomato yield and water use under drip irrigation condition

Field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of soil matric potential (SMP) on tomato yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under drip irrigation condition in North China Plain. The experiment included five treatments, which controlled SMP at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter higher than −10 (S1), −20 (S2), −30 (S3), −40 (S4) and −50 kPa (S5), respectively, after tomato plant establishment. The results showed that different SMP affected irrigation amount and tomato ET. Irrigation amount decreased from 185 mm (S1) to 83.6 mm (S5) in 2004, and from 165 mm (S1) to 109 mm (S5) in 2005, respectively. The ET decreased from 270 mm (S1) to 202 mm (S5) in both years. However, it was found that SMP did not affect the tomato yield significantly, for the range of SMP investigated. Both WUE and IWUE increased as SMP decreased. The maximum WUE (253 and 217 kg/ha mm) and IWUE (620 and 406 kg/ha mm) were for S5 in 2 years, whereas the minimum WUE (178 and 155 kg/ha mm) and IWUE 261 and 259 kg/ha mm) were for S1 in 2004 and 2005. Based on the above results, therefore, it is recommended that if the tomatoes are well irrigated (SMP is higher than −20 kPa) during establishment, controlling SMP higher than −50 kPa at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter can be used as an indicator for drip irrigation scheduling during following period of tomato growth in North China Plain.     

小流域的综合治理

1984年以来,舒城县采取工程和生物措施相结合的办法,对胡家河等6个小流域进行了综合治理。本文扼要地将在治理和管护工作中积累的经验、方法以及其成效、研究资料介绍给大家,以供参考。     

松软地面机器系统研究进展

松软地面机器系统的理论研究,对农业、林业、矿业和军事等领域作业机械的发展具有重要的科学意义和工程应用价值。本文总结了松软地面机器系统基础理论,以及松软干沙地面轮壤关系最新研究进展;从土壤动物形态、结构和柔性方面阐述仿生脱附减阻机理,综述了地面机械触土部件的仿生理论基础;概括了用于地面力学特性测试的技术方法和地面机器系统研究的土槽测试系统;分析归纳了数值模拟方法在地面机器系统研究中的进展;进而对松软地面机器系统理论方法在触土部件和车辆行走机构中的应用研究进行了展望。     

耕作土壤表面不平度分析

利用激光式不平度测试仪测定犁耕耕地地面、圆盘耙耙地地面和驱动耙耙地地面的不平度，测定地面不平度沿着3个方向进行，即平行、倾斜和垂直于耕作方向。对每一种地面不平度的RMS高度、自相关长度和自相关函数进行了分析，结果表明：对于短的地块，可用单一尺度来表征地表不平度的特征，地表不平度特征属于指数相关函数，RMS高度和自相关长度具有明显的相关性；对于长的地块，平整的农业地表不平度具有分形性或多尺度性，其自相关函数是一种分形过程。     

基于GIS的精确农业合理采样与施肥间距研究

在GIS软件平台下对采样点进行行列删减,人为减小采样密度,运用地统计学方法制作养分分布图,并与原始采样方案进行形状和面积对比,选取合理的删减方案作为土壤养分的合理采样方案.碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的合理采样间距分别为64 m×51 m、32 m×76 m和32 m×25 m.为综合考虑多种养分,提出3条综合采样测土原则.提出了调整施肥间距的实现方法,自动变量施肥宜采用"大网格采样、小网格施肥",手动变量施肥则宜采用"小网格采样、大网格施肥".试验表明提出的方法实现了定性与定量相结合来研究土壤采样间距.     

海子水库灌区节水型灌溉制度的制定

本文介绍了中日双方专家团在海子水库灌区现场调查中,实测土壤水分特征值的方法,土壤水分曲线的制定和应用,负压计观测值的应用,计算节水型灌溉用水量和灌水间隔日数的方法,并用节水型频繁灌溉法制定了各作物的节水型灌溉制度,用这种方法制定的节水型灌溉制度要比我国过去用的常规法节水40%以上。     

田间土壤特性的空间相关结构分析及其分布描述

本文对雄县试区试验田的土壤特性空间变异性进行经典统计分析，并利用地质统计学半方差分析法定量描述土壤特性的空间相关结构，然后使用Ｋｒｉｇｉｎｇ最优内插估值法得到了田间土壤特性参数的空间分布等值图。分析结果表明，该试验田０～１００ｃｍ土壤范围内的平均含水量不仅在整个空间分布上而且在纵横曲型剖面上都呈现出弱变异性，空间相关结构显著，相关距离约６０～８０ｍ。采用上述结论和等值图不但能减少样本采样的数量和密度，还能根据田间含水量的空间分布特征合理布点采样，实施土壤墒情的科学监测。     

PA~4_（1010）和EP~1复合涂层及其表面改性犁壁的减粘降阻性能

试验研究了地面机械触土部件表面仿生改性涂层ＰＡ４１０１０（尼龙１０１０－Ａｌ２Ｏ３复合涂层）和ＥＰ１（环氧－Ａｌ２Ｏ３复合涂层）的减粘降阻性能，探讨了土壤含水量和推土板切削速度对其减粘降阻性能的影响，并通过犁耕试验考察了其表面改性犁壁的降阻效果     

Use of saline–sodic waters through phytoremediation of calcareous saline–sodic soils

Use of poor-quality groundwater has become inevitable for irrigation to compensate rapidly increasing water demands in many arid and semiarid regions. Salinity and sodicity are the principal soil and water quality concerns in such areas. Many saline–sodic and sodic soils have saline or saline–sodic subsurface drainage waters. Amelioration of these soils needs a source of calcium (Ca²⁺) that can replace the excess exchangeable sodium (Na⁺). Most of these soils, however, contain calcite (CaCO₃) of extremely low solubility. The native calcite does not supply adequate levels of Ca²⁺ for soil amelioration as do other chemical amendments. Phytoremediation may help ameliorate such soils through cultivation of certain crops tolerant to ambient soil salinity and sodicity. This amelioration strategy works through plant root action to help dissolve CaCO₃ to supply adequate Ca²⁺ without the application of an amendment. During a 3-year field experiment conducted under irrigated conditions, we evaluated phytoremediation against soil application of gypsum and farm manure, and water treatment with sulphuric acid on a calcareous saline–sodic soil (pH_s=8.0–8.4, EC_e=24–32 dS m⁻¹, SAR=57–78, CaCO₃=45–50 g kg⁻¹ for the top 0.15 m depth; Calcic Haplosalids). A saline–sodic water (EC=2.9–3.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR=12.0–19.4, RSC=4.6–10.0 mmol_c l⁻¹, SAR_adj=15.6–18.4) was used to irrigate the rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops grown in rotation. Active desalinisation and desodication processes were observed in all the treatments. After the final wheat crop, the 1.2 m soil profile EC_e was 7±0.5 dS m⁻¹ and SAR was 15±2 with non-significant treatment differences, indicating comparable soil amelioration effect of phytoremediation with other treatments. Better crop yields were obtained from the manure-treated plots, owing to its annual addition to the soil that possibly improved soil fertility. Phytoremediation needed minimum capital input because no initial investment was made to purchase the amendments.