沙坡头地区土壤结皮形成机理的研究

本文通过大量的事实和依据论述了结皮形成的物质来源和结皮的形成与土壤性质的关系，表明了粉粒（０．０５－０．０１ｍｍ）含量是结皮形成的关键，并从结皮的发育过程、剖面变化、地理位置和养分含量等方面说明了粉粒的分选和聚积过程，进而论述了粉粒的累积机理、结皮的形成过程及结皮形成－破碎的动态变化。     

黄河大柳树灌区土壤类型特征与合理开发途径

该文分析了黄河大柳树灌区土壤类型形成条件与分布格局和主要土壤类型的基本特征,在此基础上结合发展灌溉农业对土壤条件的要求,提出土壤资源合理利用与发展灌溉农业的有关问题。     

甘肃秦王川灌区土壤盐分特征及次生盐渍化预测

在秦王川灌区水文地质条件和土壤盐分含量特征调查研究的基础上,采用有限差分法建立了预测模型,对灌溉实施后1～5年间地下水位及其埋深变化进行了预测。结果表明,地下水位呈普遍抬升趋势,可导致约2000ha土地产生次生盐渍化。如果不及时采取防治措施,土壤次生盐渍化面积还会进一步扩大。     

市郊菜园土壤污染及治理

针对衡阳市郊菜园土壤受到污染的实际，分析了主要污染源，提出了控制与治理污染的措施。     

Microphytic crusts,shrub patches and water harvesting in the Negev Desert: the Shikim system

Human-made contour banks are a central component of theShikim water harvesting system in Israels Negev Desert.Efficient water capture depends on the presence of a stable microphytic crustwhich directs surplus surface runoff into the banks where it is stored. We usedsimulated rainfall to examine the impact of soil surface disturbance on runoffand sediment transport, and the effect of this on the efficiency of resourcecapture within the Shikim system. Two disturbance regimes:1) removal of the microphytic crust only, and 2) removal of the crust and shrubpatches by cultivation, were compared with an undisturbed control. In theundisturbed state, 32% of rainfall was redistributed as runoff. This runoffpenetrated approximately 27% deeper under the shrub patches compared with themicrophytic crust. When the microphytic crust was destroyed by simulatedtrampling, the runoff coefficient declined to 13%, and there was no significantdifference in water penetration between shrub and crust patches. Completedestruction of the shrub hummocks and crust by cultivation resulted in adeclinein the runoff coefficient to 6%. The result of sustained disturbance in thesepatchy Negev shrublands is a breakdown in spatial heterogeneity, a loss ofecosystem function, a reduction in ecosystem goods and services such as plantdiversity and production, and ultimately a reduction in pastoral productivity.These results reinforce the view that microphytic crusts are critical for theefficient operation of the Shikim water harvesting system.Given that practices such as cultivation and trampling which disturbmicrophyticcrusts result in enhanced infiltration, crusts should be left intact tomaximisethe water harvesting efficiency in these desert landscapes.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Detection and characterization of Clostridium species in soil of Zambia

In the retrospective study of soil-borne diseases of cattle in Zambia, malignant edema and blackquarter were widespread. One hundred and sixty-five cases with malignant edema and 103 cases with blackquarter were reported between 1985 and 1997. It was found that specific soil-conditions associate the emergence of the soil-borne diseases. Soil samples from five areas in Zambia were examined for the presence of genus Clostridium. Direct immuno-fluorescent assay (IFA) examination showed that C. septicum, C. novyi and C. chauvoei were detected in the soil of specific areas in Zambia, respectively. Causal organisms such as C. perfringens were isolated from the soil samples. The information of area-specific distribution of Clositridium species may give an efficient program in protecting cattle and man.     

土壤种子库中棘豆属种子的密度、寿命和活力测定

在青海湖地区的不同样地上,对甘肃棘豆、宽苞棘豆和黄花棘豆3种棘豆土壤种子库的密度进行了测定,种子密度随着植被中种群分盖度的大小而变化幅度很大,每平方80～2 220粒;同时采用四脞法对土壤种子库中的棘豆种子进行种子活力测定,其中77%的种子具有活力;用尼龙袋法测定甘肃棘豆种子在土壤种子库中的寿命,5年后埋置在土壤环境中的甘肃棘豆种子有50%的还存在,其中5%的种子具有活力;暴露在土壤表面环境中的种子有33%的种子存在;5年期间,埋置的种子和暴露在土壤表面的种子每年分别约有5%和14%的种子在发芽。     

青海高寒草甸不同植被土壤微生物生物量的测定

以青海高寒草甸不同植被类型土壤为研究对象,采用氯仿熏蒸浸提法对土壤微生物生物量碳进行了测定分析。结果表明:不同植被类型土壤中微生物生物量的大小依次为:沼泽草甸>小嵩草草甸>金露梅灌从草甸>禾草草甸>矮嵩草草甸>金露梅灌丛间草地>杂类草草甸,随着土壤深度的增加,生物量呈下降趋势。相关分析表明:微生物生物量碳与土壤水分含量、真菌数量呈显著的正相关;细菌数量、放线菌数量与微生物量碳的相关性不显著。结论:土壤真菌是土壤微生物生物量的主要贡献者,土壤水分含量对土壤微生物代谢、繁殖有着直接的作用。     

Suppressive effect of liquid potassium silicate on powdery mildew of strawberry in soil

A soil drench of soluble silicon (liquid potassium silicate) was tested for the control of powdery mildew of strawberry in soil for 2 years in a vinyl house under growers' conditions on two cultivars: very susceptible Toyonoka and slightly susceptible Sachinoka. Soluble silicon suppressed the disease more effectively as a preventive control than as a control to reduce initial incidence. The suppressive effect against this disease was more effective for Toyonoka than for Sachinoka. The control value of soluble potassium silicate was 85.6% for Toyonoka in the first year and 60.2% in the second year, while for Sachinoka it was 58% in the first year and 40.6% in the second year. Strawberry leaf hardness was measured for the control and silicate-treated leaves. Although silicate-treated leaves seemed to be harder than control leaves, leaf hardness did not vary significantly between controls and silicate-treated leaves in either of the 2 years, and the mode of preventive action of liquid potassium silicate remains unknown. A factor other than a physical action may be involved.     

翻耙补播对科尔沁碱化草地土壤理化性质和生物活性的影响

对科尔沁地区碱化草甸草地翻耙补播沙打旺后的土壤理化性质和土壤生物活性的变化进行了研究.结果表明,翻耙补播改良后草地综合生产性能得到明显改善,土壤容重、pH、含盐量和碱化度降低,土壤含水量和孔隙度增加,土壤有机质和N、P、K等养分含量增加;同时,土壤微生物C、N的含量以及土壤酶的活性也得到较大幅度提高.