Soil enzyme activities during the 2011 Texas record drought/heat wave and implications to biogeochemical cycling and organic matter dynamics

Extreme droughts and heat waves due to climate change may have permanent consequences on soil quality and functioning in agroecosystems. During November 2010 to August 2011, the Southern High Plains (SHP) region of Texas, U.S., a large cotton producing area, received only 39.6 mm of precipitation (vs. the historical avg. of 373 mm) and experienced the hottest summer since record keeping began in 1911. Several enzyme activities (EAs) important in biogeochemical cycling were evaluated in two soils (a loam and a sandy loam at 0–10 cm) with a management history of monoculture (continuous cotton) or rotation (cotton and sorghum or millet). Samplings occurred under the most extreme drought and heat conditions (July 2011), after precipitation resulted in a reduction in a drought severity index (March 2012), and 12 months after the initial sampling (July 2012; loam only). Eight out of ten EAs, were significantly higher in July 2011 compared to March 2012 for some combinations of soil type and management history. Among these eight EAs, enzymes key to C (β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase) and P cycling (phosphodiesterase, acid and alkaline phosphatases) were significantly higher (19–79%) in July 2011 than in March 2012 for both management histories regardless of the soil type (P > 0.05). When comparing all sampling times, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, aspartase and urease (rotation only) showed this trend: July 2011 > March 2012 > July 2012. Activities of phosphodiesterase, acid phosphatase, α-galactosidase, β-glucosidase and β-glucosaminidase were higher in July 2011 than July 2012 in at least one of the two management histories. Total C was reduced significantly from July 2011 to March 2012 in the rotation for both soils. Only the activities of arylsulfatase (avg. 36%) and asparaginase showed an increase from July 2011 to March 2012 for both soil types, which may indicate they have a different origin/location than the other enzymes. EAs continued to be a fingerprint of the soil management history (i.e., higher EAs in the rotation than in monoculture) during the drought/heat wave. This study provided some of the first evidence of the adverse effects of a natural, extreme drought and heat wave on soil quality in agroecosystems as indicated by EAs involved in biogeochemical cycling.     

“四全”育人夯实立德树人德育基础——以苏州工业职业技术学院为例

随着社会发展的推动和各种思想文化的交流、交融与交锋,给高职院校的思想政治教育工作带来前所未有的挑战。苏州工业职业技术学院积极探索实践"全员、全程、全方位、全心全意"育人的德育体系,在立德树人背景下,以踏实、务实、求实的作风不断夯实德育基础,努力开创"责任到人,纵向到底,横向到边"的德育工作局面。     

芦笋种植对冷凉沙化区土壤改良的效果研究

为探索芦笋种植对冷凉沙化区土壤的改良效果,在山西省朔州市右玉县,以未种植芦笋裸沙地为对照（CK）,设置种植芦笋1、2、3和4年共4个处理,通过田间试验测定不同种植年限芦笋田土壤理化特性和芦笋生长发育情况。结果表明,与CK相比,随种植年限增加,土壤黏粒和粉砂粒含量递增,砂粒含量递减,土壤容重递减,土壤田间持水量递增;土壤pH和可溶性盐浓度（EC）递减;土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量逐年递增。种植芦笋3年的土壤粒级、土壤容重、田间持水量、pH、EC值、土壤肥力发生显著变化;连续种植芦笋4年的土壤黏粒含量较CK增加到29.8%,粉砂粒含量增加到12.6%,砂粒含量降低到57.6%,田间土壤持水量显著提高,土壤容重显著降低,土壤由砂质壤土向砂质黏土转变;土壤pH降低0.75,EC值降低0.08mS/cm;土壤有机质含量增加28.89%,全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加95.12%、94.92%和45.40%;芦笋产量达6 037.5kg/hm ²。综合分析,连续种植芦笋4年可改善沙化土壤的物理结构,提高土壤养分,降低盐碱程度。芦笋是冷凉沙化区土壤改良的先锋作物之一,可实现生态效益与经济效益并举。     

稻田土壤养分特性对不同耕作方式的生态响应

为深入了解耕作措施对稻田耕层土壤的作用效果,笔者在前人研究结果的基础上综述了免耕、翻耕等不同耕作方式对稻田土壤物理性质包括容重、孔隙度、团聚体、水分、温度,土壤化学性质如氮、磷、钾、有机质和微量元素含量以及土壤生物学特性包括微生物、酶活性的影响,分析了不同稻作措施的优缺点。最后对稻田耕层的合理调控提出因地制宜,依据当地的气候、土壤条件、栽培模式选择合理的耕作方式;合理轮耕,免耕、翻耕和旋耕交替运作;配施绿肥和有机肥;推行节水稻作模式等建议。     

The installation of underground pipelines: effects on soil properties

Since the 1970s a network of underground pipes, up to 1200 mm diameter, has been installed in the UK to transmit crude oil to refineries and gas from onshore terminals for distribution. Chosen routes are subject to significant constraints. Current techniques for pipe installation involve topsoil removal and storage. Trench depth is set to allow a cover of 1200 mm overburden after pipes have been installed. The heavy machinery involved results in severe compaction of exposed subsoil. Subsoil is loosened comprehensively and topsoil replaced. Existing field drains are reconnected, and, if necessary, new drains with gravel backfill installed. Pipe installation usually takes place between April and October. Preventative measures to limit compaction during installation are not a practical option. If subsequent arable crops or grass are poorer or drainage more defective than before disturbance, the loss is assessed and compensation paid. To determine the cause of the loss >60, investigations have been made throughout the UK. Soil physical properties were assessed in an open trench using visual and tactile methods. Consistently, severe compaction in the subsoil was identified as the cause of poor crop growth or drainage; it was not observed in the topsoil. Specific recommendations for remedial action were made based on location, depth and severity of the compaction. These included the installation of additional land drains, increasing the amount of gravel above the drains, or further subsoil loosening orientated to cross gravel backfill. After appropriate remedial action, net compensation for crop losses was frequently small or negligible.     

优化施肥对滨海盐渍土棉花生长及土壤养分供应特性的影响

通过2年大田试验,研究优化施肥对东营滨海盐渍土棉花生长及土壤养分供应能力的影响。设不施肥、农民传统施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥+有机肥4个处理。结果表明:与农民传统施肥对比,优化施肥及优化施肥+有机肥处理有效提高了棉花产量、肥料农学利用率、偏生产力;施肥改变了土壤盐基离子组成,农民传统施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥+有机肥处理Na+及Cl-所占比分别减少2.29%,3.45%,6.15%,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO_2-4有不同程度的提高;优化施肥+有机肥处理能明显提高土壤微生物和酶活性,其中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性分别比传统施肥和优化施肥高7.8%~17.0%和5.0%~13.3%;施肥提高了土壤速效养分,优化施肥+有机肥处理速效P和速效K含量总体处于较高水平,而N0-3-N、NH+4-N含量总体表现为传统施肥优化施肥+有机肥优化施肥不施肥,这说明优化施肥能有效降低土壤NO-3-N、NH+4-N含量,进而NO-3-N、NH+4-N的流失风险也随之减小。采用N、K肥基施+蕾期花期2次追施的优化施肥处理,不仅减少了肥料用量,而且提高了产量,配合施用有机肥增产效果更为显著。     

田间烤烟叶片缺钾症状与钾积累及土壤供钾水平关系

基于田间正常施肥烟株生长中期中、上部叶通常出现缺钾症状的现象,以烤烟品种K326为材料在砂质壤土上进行了田间试验,定期观察无钾(即K0,仅按常规施用氮磷肥,K_2O用量为0 kg·hm~(–2))、常规施肥但中后期出现缺钾症状(即CF,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期仍有缺钾症状)、常规施肥且正常生长(即CK,按常规施用氮磷钾肥,K_2O用量为364 kg·hm~(–2)但中后期无缺钾症状)3处理烟株移栽后生长情况(特别是叶片缺钾症状的出现情况),并及时采集和测定了相应烟株的干物质、钾含量及根区土壤速效钾含量,以阐明正常施肥烤烟中、上部叶出现缺钾症状的可能原因。结果表明:(1)CF和K0烟株在移栽后33 d前叶片均未出现缺钾症状;但根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后42 d低于99.86 mg·kg~(–1)时,K0烟株第8～第15叶陆续表现缺钾;CF烟株根区土壤速效钾含量移栽后57 d低于131.1mg·kg~(–1)时,第12～第16叶也相继缺钾,而其他叶位叶片正常。(2)从移栽至42 d,CK和K0烟株干物质和钾素累积量虽皆明显增加,但K0烟株总量偏低趋势愈发显著;至移栽后57 d期间,CK和K0烟株前述两个指标继续增加,但此期CF干物质累积有相似的增加趋势,而钾素累积与出现缺钾症状前相比(即移栽后42 d时CK)则略有减少;(3)移栽后42 d至57 d,CF烟株上、中部叶和K0烟株上部叶钾净输出明显,而茎中净输入显著,其他器官或部位总体持平或略有增加;CK烟株上部叶钾素输入、输出维持平衡,其他器官有净增加。(4)生长期间,CK烟叶钾含量皆表现出随叶位上升而呈总体下降,K0烟叶前期有相似规律,但移栽后42 d、57 d呈"上升-下降-上升",CF于移栽后57 d为"下降-上升"趋势。上述结果说明,K0烟株移栽后42 d中部叶开始缺钾是钾整体吸收不足所致,后期则兼有上部叶钾净输出原因;CF烟株出现中、上部叶缺钾而下部叶正常则有3个原因,一是后期体内干物质累积持续增加导致的稀释;二是此期整株钾累积不仅未增加,且有下降;三是CF烟株中、上部叶钾净输出增加。     

林分密度对杉木人工林下物种多样性和土壤养分的影响

为研究不同林分密度对杉木人工林下物种多样性和土壤养分的影响,以38 a生5种密度杉木人工林为研究对象,调查林下植被,测定土壤理化性质及酶活性,对物种多样性指数和土壤指标进行单因素方差、相关性及主成分分析。结果显示:杉木人工林下物种种类多达121种,灌木层以杜茎山(Maesa japonica)为主,草本层以双盖蕨(Diplazium)、黑足鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris fuscipes)等蕨类为主。灌木层和草本层物种多样性各指数大多在初植密度为5 000 hm~(–2)时最高。不同土层间各种土壤养分变化趋势基本一致,不同密度间土壤养分变化趋势不同,更多的土壤养分在高密度或低密度林)分下达到最大。除了p H、有机碳以及纤维素酶外,其他土壤养分受林分密度变化响应均显著(P0.05)。0～20 cm土层的土壤养分与草本层物种多样性关系更为密切,而20～40 cm土层的土壤养分与灌木层物种多样性关系更为密切。p H、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷与灌草层多样性指数的相关性最为密切。主成分分析综合得分显示,初植密度为6 667 hm~(–2)时最高(1.17),第二为3 333 hm~(–2)(0.93),其次为5 000 hm~(–2)(0.28)、1 667 hm~(–2)(0.12)和10 000 hm~(–2)(–2.49),得分前两名显著大于其他得分。以上结果表明,初植密度在5 000 hm~(–2)更有利于林下物种多样性的稳定,但不利于土壤养分的累积;密度过低或过高皆不利于土壤理化性质和植物多样性的发展,特别是密度过高时,对林地伤害巨大;基于土壤理化性质和植物多样性的主成分分析结果出现"驼峰模式",杉木人工林初植密度6 667 hm~(–2)和3 333 hm~(–2)更适合土壤理化性质和植物多样性的发展。     

基于层次分析法的食用菌产业扶贫绩效评价

特色产业扶贫是一种创新式的扶贫模式,通过扶持贫困地区发展地方特色产业脱贫致富。食用菌营养丰富,销售市场前景乐观,也响应了我国绿色环保节能的理念,成为最具优势的产业发展趋势。辽宁省某地区作为我国脱贫攻坚战的重点地区,利用食用菌产业不断优化自身的农业结构,助力当地脱贫致富。对该地区的食用菌产业扶贫绩效进行了具体分析和评价。     

太原市华北落叶松人工林生长研究

以太原市华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,利用树干解析对其生长动态进行了研究,分析了华北落叶松的生长过程。结果表明,华北落叶松胸径的连年生长量在第15年达到最大值,连年生长量曲线与平均生长量曲线在第18年相交;树高连年生长量在第15年达到最大值,连年生长量曲线与平均生长量曲线在第22年相交。材积在15～25年时连年生长量快速增长,25年时连年生长量达到了最大值,之后逐渐减缓,直到第34年,材积的连年生长量曲线与平均生长量曲线没有相交,说明太原市的华北落叶松林分还没有达到成熟期,正处于生长期。