Erodibility of a soil drainage sequence in the loess uplands of Mississippi

The susceptibility of loess soils in the lower Mississippi to runoff and erosion losses varies as a function of landscape position and mapping units. This study was conducted to determine the effects of soil drainage on physical and chemical properties that influence erodibility through their control of aggregate stability. Soil samples were collected from the A- and B-horizons of the five representative pedons in the Memphis catena whose drainage class varied from well-drained to poorly-drained. The fine earth fraction (< 2 mm) of each soil was characterized for a range of basic soil physical and chemical properties. Additional sub-samples (< 8 mm) were placed in a rainfall simulator pan (0.6 m × 0.6 m test area) and subjected to simulated rainfall at an intensity of 64 mm h^− 1. Soil erodibility was assessed by the use of an aggregation index (AI) computed from water dispersible clay (WDC) relative to total clay contents. The data show that as soil drainage classes became wetter, the percentage of sediment < 53 µm increased with a decrease in soil AI resulting from a loss of Fe, Al, and Si oxide cementing agents. These results suggest that cementing agents responsible for soil aggregate stabilization are mobilized under conditions of relatively low redox potentials which increase soil erodibility.     

汉江上游流域水资源对未来气候变化的响应

采用SWAT分布式水文模型,结合汉江上游流域1961—1990年实测气象数据和CMIP5多模式RCP 2.6、RCP 4.5和RCP 8.5情景下的输出数据集,在对汉江上游流域径流模拟检验的基础上,分析未来气候变化对汉江上游流域水资源的响应。结果表明,SWAT模型能较好地模拟汉江上游流域径流变化。2011—2100年不同气候变化情景下,汉江上游流域多年平均降水、径流与基准期(1961—1990年)相比均呈增加趋势,增加幅度从大到小依次为RCP 8.5、RCP 4.5、RCP 2.6,且降水量的增幅大于径流的增幅。3种情景下的多年平均月降水、月径流总体呈增加趋势,且在冬季(12月至次年2月)枯水期增加幅度较为明显。     

WEPP模型在紫色土区域适用性研究

利用紫色土区域某水保站1984—2017年7次典型降雨资料,应用WEPP(water erosion prediction project)模型模拟了不同降雨条件下不同地面坡度的紫色土坡面径流量和侵蚀量,提出了模型评价方法,将模拟值与实测值进行比较,验证WEPP模型及其内置参数在我国紫色土范围内模型预测的可行性及准确性。结果表明,WEPP模型对于紫色土区域水蚀模拟基本可行,产流量的预测比侵蚀量的预测更为合理,低坡度条件下的模拟结果优于高坡度条件。对于侵蚀量的模拟不够理想,高坡度条件下反而模拟较好。对于不同坡度下的侵蚀量进行相关分析,结果表明坡度是影响土壤侵蚀的动力因子,在一定的坡度范围内,随着坡度的增加,土壤侵蚀量与坡度呈幂函数递增关系。     

不同农艺措施对巢湖沿岸坡耕地不同形态磷径流输出的控制效果

为明确巢湖沿岸坡耕地不同农艺措施对生态保护和水环境治理的影响,以农业面源污染长期定位观测基地为平台,于2014—2015年连续2 a对常规耕作(CK)、植物篱(黄花菜,PH)、植物篱+秸秆覆盖(PHS)和等高垄作(CR)4种农艺措施下的水土及随地表径流迁移的各种形态磷进行了监测。结果表明,与常规耕作相比,PH、PHS和CR能有效地减少径流量和产沙量(P0.05),降低效果依次为:PHSPHCR。与CK相比,PH、PHS和CR可分别减少23.5%、36.5%和19.7%的径流流失和29.5%、45.2%和26.3%的土壤流失,表现出显著的水土保持作用。CK条件下的径流液总磷(TP)浓度是0.612~1.220 mg·L~(-1),其中颗粒态磷(PP)占总磷的71.5%~81.7%,颗粒态磷是磷随地表径流迁移的主要形态。在溶解态总磷(DTP)中,溶解态正磷酸盐(D-Ortho-P)所占比例较大,为87.4%~90.7%;溶解态有机磷(DOP)所占比例较小,仅占9.3%~12.6%。与CK相比,PHS、PH和CR显著降低了径流液PP和TP的浓度(P0.05),但却不同程度地提高了DTP和D-Ortho-P的浓度,而对DOP的浓度无显著影响(P0.05)。CK条件下,磷的年流失负荷平均为0.706 kg·hm~(-2),占当年作物施磷量0.98%。与CK处理相比,PH、PHS和CR处理磷的年流失负荷分别降低38.4%、53.8%和33.4%(P0.05),其对磷素输出的控制效应主要通过减少径流量和降低径流液PP的浓度来实现的。综上可知,植物篱(黄花菜)、植物篱+秸秆还田和等高垄作是控制巢湖沿岸坡耕地水土及磷径流输出的有效措施,其中植物篱配合秸秆覆盖还田效果最佳。该研究可为巢湖流域坡耕地水土流失和面源污染防治提供科学依据。     

两种工程堆积体边坡模拟径流侵蚀对比研究

基于对重庆市城镇建设中工程堆积体野外调查结果,选择广泛存在的紫色土和黄沙壤工程堆积体为研究对象,采用野外实地放水冲刷试验,对比分析了不同土石比及坡度的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程。结果表明:(1)工程堆积体土壤入渗率随冲刷过程呈先快速减小、后逐渐稳定的变化趋势,且波动幅度大小随冲刷流量的不同出现差异,下垫面稳定入渗率均在0.4~1.7 mm min~(-1)之间。(2)不同下垫面堆积体产流率随冲刷时间均呈先增加后稳定的谷峰交织变化趋势且随放水流量增大而显著增强;在相同放水流量时,黄沙壤堆积体平均产流率最大可为紫色土堆积体的1.89倍。(3)不同下垫面堆积体径流含沙量随冲刷时间呈先增加后稳定的波动趋势;径流含沙量在不同流量条件下介于0.21~1278.49 g L~(-1);冲刷过程中坡面面蚀向沟蚀的转化对径流含沙量有显著影响,最大可增加13.73倍;堆积体坡面侵蚀过程存在突变期、活跃期和稳定期3个阶段,细沟发生的偶然性和随机性对产沙量波动贡献率最大。(4)工程堆积体在不同放水流量条件下侵蚀泥沙颗粒粒径分布差异性明显,紫色土堆积体最大侵蚀泥沙颗粒均大于黄沙壤堆积体。研究结果可为重庆市城镇建设工程堆积体新增水土流失量预测和植被生态恢复提供重要科学依据。     

模拟条件下生物腐殖酸肥对土壤磷素淋失及流失的影响

通过模拟淋溶和径流实验,考察单施生物腐殖酸肥(BHA)后磷在竖直及水平方向的迁移能力,并通过室外小白菜种植实验进一步开展淋溶和径流中磷的行为研究,考察单施BHA对小白菜长势、产量的影响及对受纳水体水质的污染风险。实验以施化肥(CF)和不施肥(NOP)为对照。结果表明,(1)在模拟淋溶及径流实验中,经过8次浇水,BHA处理组的淋溶液及径流液中TP含量的最高值及平均值均高于CF及NOP处理组,在磷淋失量及淋失率上,3个处理间均无显著差异;在磷流失量及流失率上,BHA与CF无显著差异,二者均显著高于NOP处理组,其磷流失量分别比NOP高208.96%、147.01%,流失率分别比NOP高1.98%、1.39%。(2)室外小白菜种植的淋溶及径流实验中,在对小白菜长势的影响方面,BHA与CF无显著差异,二者均显著高于NOP处理组;在对小白菜产量及植株吸磷量的影响方面,CF处理组显著高于BHA及NOP。在磷淋失量上,BHA与CF无显著差异,二者均显著高于NOP处理组;在磷流失量上,BHA处理组显著高于CF及NOP,分别高78.52%、82.48%。研究表明,尽管BHA中的磷不如CF易被小白菜吸收利用,但是二者对小白菜长势的影响无显著差异;BHA施用后磷更易随径流液流失,而不易随淋溶液淋失,因此,施用BHA后应避免立即灌溉,尤其是大水漫灌。     

Runoff and sorghum performance as affected by the spacing of stone lines in the semiarid Sahelian zone

Crop yields are primarily water-limited in dryland production systems in semiarid regions. This study was conducted in a catchment located in the “plateau central” of Burkina Faso to assess the impact of the space between stone lines on runoff and crop performance. The experimental design consisted of four plots in which stone lines were installed. The spacing between the lines was 100 m in the first plot, 50 m in the second, 33 m in the third, and 25 m in the last plot. The soil was a Ferric lixisol and the slope, which is characteristic of the area, was about 1–3%. Subplots placed at regular and fixed distances from the lines were used to monitor soil water content and crop yield. Runoff from all plots was measured using a water discharge recorder. It was found that 31% of rainfall was lost through runoff in plots without stone lines. The efficiency of stone lines in checking runoff and in improving soil water storage increased with reduced stone line spacing (runoff was reduced by an average of 5% on plots where the space between the lines was 33 m, but was reduced by 23% when the stone line spacing was 25 m). Soil water content decreased with increasing distance from the stone line. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) performance was greatly affected by stone line and plant straw and grain yield were doubled in plots with stone lines compared with those of plots without stone lines. At an area of about 6 m from the stone lines (upslope), where organo-mineral sediments were collected, sorghum grain yields were 60% greater than that obtained at 19 m from stone lines. The stone line technique seems to be a sound option to mitigate water stress during dry spells.     

A hierarchical view of the interactions of runoff and infiltration with vegetation and microtopography in semiarid shrublands

Measurements of runoff and infiltration were made at five spatial scales, terracette (<1 m), hummock (10–20 m²), part-slope (1000–2000 m²), slope (1 ha) and catchment (50 ha), on a shrubland and an open forest site. The study was aimed at understanding the relationships between runoff production, vegetation patterns and microtopography at different spatial scales within a sparsely vegetated, semiarid area. The results of runoff monitoring and rainfall simulation experiments showed that runoff did not occur at the slope scale. It was buffered at the terracette level by nonuniform infiltration at the rims of terracettes and at the hummock scale by rapid infiltration under oak shrubs and trees. Slope and catchment runoff were not connected to runoff at these fine scales. The field evidence is discussed within the context of hierarchy theory, and the implications for management of these shrublands are related to maintaining both the vegetation mosaic and runoff on these slopes.     

1956-2018年资江干流径流输沙演变规律与特征分析

研究资江径流泥沙演变规律与变异特征,了解资江干流径流变异与输沙量变化情况,为流域水资源可持续利用提供政策建议。根据资江流域干流主要控制站1956-2018年长时间序列径流量和输沙量数据,运用累积距平法、M-K法、集中度与集中期、小波分析法和均值差异T检验法等分析资江年径流量和输沙量的演变规律与特征。结果表明:(1)径流量不同年代时段的变化率-18.2%~25.8%,Z统计值为0.7058,径流量变化趋势不显著;而输沙量减少趋势较为明显,Z统计值为-5.0592,通过信度99%的显著性检验;(2)资江年径流量未发生明显的突变,而输沙量在1995年发生了突变;(3)资江径流存在第一主周期为26a的周期性,输沙量存在第一主周期为34a的周期性规律;(4)资江径流量变化存在1956-1966年、1982-1988年2002-2015年3个少水期,1967-1981年、1989-2001年、2016-2018年3个多水期,输沙量变化存在1956-1976年、1988-1997年2个多沙期,1977-1987年、1998-2018年2个少沙期;(5)径流量集中度为31.8%,输沙量集中度为73.7%,资江径流泥沙年内分配不均匀性特征明显。     

Evaluation of the flood mitigation effect of a Paddy Field Dam project

To mitigate flood damage due to a recent increase in the frequency and magnitude of heavy rainfall events, the Kamihayashi district in Niigata prefecture, Japan, has undertaken flood mitigation measures using paddy fields by installing runoff control devices in drainage boxes of paddy field plots. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the flood mitigation performance of the Paddy Field Dam project in terms of a decrease in discharge volume, drop in channel water level and reduction of inundation damage using combined hydrologic analyses and flood routing. The model constructed for runoff analysis is composed of three modules: a hilly/residential area module in which the overland flow is estimated using the kinematic wave method, a paddy field module in which runoff from paddy fields is calculated using water balance analysis, and a channel network module in which flood routing is performed using a one-dimensional unsteady flow model. The outputs of the first two modules are the input of the third module. The result of the simulation shows the main channel discharge decreased by 26% and the water level dropped by 0.17 m in the case of the largest observed rainfall event. The simulated effect was larger for larger rainfall events. In terms of flood water volume, the runoff control devices have the effect of reducing the flood damage due to the 50-year return period rainfall event to almost that due to the 10-year return period rainfall event.