多年生黑麦草草地矿质氮淋溶与径流流失的关系

以人工放水模拟冲刷试验,研究多年生黑麦草草地土壤矿质氮素淋溶和径流流失的关系。当硝态和铵态氮肥用量分别达到5000kgN/km²,冲刷强度为1mm/min,冲刷时间为50min时,观测氮素径流流失,于48h后检测土壤矿质氮动态。结果表明,坡度为25°、20°、15°、10°和5°土壤,铵态氮径流流失量分别为97.3、87.9、79.0、57.1和50.4kg/km²,分别占施氮量的1.9%、1.8%、1.%、1.1%和1.0%。铵态氮淋溶深度仅达到60cm,其淋溶量占施氮量的55.3%～8.1%,且随着坡度的增大淋溶量逐渐减少。硝态氮随着径流的流失量分别为575.4、330.3、282.6、140.1和91.0kg/km2,分别占施氮量的11.5%、6.6%、5.7%、2.8%和1.8%。硝态氮淋溶与土壤水分入渗同步,随着坡度的降低淋溶深度则逐渐增加,硝态氮主要在0～0cm土层累积,其累积量介于209～3433kg/km2之间,占施肥量的41.9%～8.7%,而在0～105cm土层累积量则介于723～2521kg/km²之间,占施氮量的14.5%～50.3%。     

横坡垄作对坡耕地产流产沙及氮磷养分流失过程影响研究

横坡垄作是一种常见的水土保持耕作措施,它通过增大坡面拦蓄和入渗能力,进而影响坡面土壤侵蚀过程。为揭示黄土坡耕地养分流失特征,通过人工模拟降雨试验,利用投影面积为4.5 m×1.5 m的径流小区,设计降雨强度（90 mm·h-1）、5个地表坡度（3o、5o、10o、15o、20o）以及横坡垄作和平整坡面两种坡面处理,探究横坡垄作对不同坡度坡耕地产流产沙特性及其携带的氮磷养分流失情况。结果表明：（1）坡面坡度小于20o时,横坡垄作能明显降低降雨过程中坡面的产流产沙量,产流量和产沙量最大分别可降低95%和99%;而当坡度增大至20o时,横坡垄作坡面发生断垄,横坡垄作对径流和泥沙的控制效应随之减弱,产流和产沙量会接近或大于平整坡面。（2）横坡垄作对养分流失浓度的影响较小,但对养分流失量具有明显影响。坡面坡度小于20o时,横坡垄作具有较好的控制坡面养分流失量的效果;当坡度增大至20o时,横坡垄作控制养分流失的作用减弱。径流中全氮的流失量始终大于全磷的流失量;除横坡垄作10o坡面外,泥沙中全磷的流失量均大于全氮的流失量。（3）坡面养分流失量主要由坡面径流量和泥沙量决定。径流养分流失率和产流速率、泥沙养分流失率和产沙速率满足线性正相关关系。横坡垄作对径流和泥沙中养分减少效益分别可以达到45%~100%、59%~100%。整体上而言,横坡垄作是控制坡面土壤侵蚀及减少养分流失的一种有效方法。     

辽河平原区玉米旱田氮磷流失特征研究

采用田间试验方法,2016～2017年原位监测不同试验处理下地表径流与地下淋溶水分和氮磷流失过程.结果表明,径流和淋溶流失均集中发生于6～8月,且流失水量与降雨密切相关.氮磷在径流和淋溶水中均以可溶态为主(径流水中磷除外),且淋溶水氮浓度高于径流,径流水磷浓度高于淋溶.氮流失负荷在两年监测中均表现为淋溶高于径流,磷流失...     

气候变化对中国水资源的影响

综述了气候变化对我国水资源的影响。气候变化会引起水循环的改变,而水循环的改变将可能影响各种灾害天气时间的长短、频率、损失以及水资源的可利用率;气候变暖可能使北方江河径流量减少,南方径流量增大,导致旱涝灾害出现频率增加,并加剧水资源的不稳定性与供需矛盾。     

Preventing nematodes from spreading: A case study with Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne in a banana field

During the last decade, new crop systems have been developed in the French West Indies to avoid repeated applications of nematicides in banana fields. These combine fallow or rotation crops and nematode-free in vitro plants. In many fields, however, after 2–4 years, the burrowing nematodes Radopholus similis progressively re-infest banana fields, leading growers to re-apply nematicides. Among different hypotheses for re-infestation, we studied the possibility that nematodes were disseminated by runoff water. The study was conducted in an experimental field on plots that were defined by ditches or marked with flags and weeded or not, prior to replanting with in vitro plants. Results showed that 50–80 cm deep ditches efficiently prevent R. similis dissemination and that dispersion by water runoff is the major route of contamination. In contrast, weed management during the fallow period had little influence.     

Influence of conservation measures on groundwater regime in a semi arid tract of South India

A study was conducted in peninsular India in a predominantly agricultural watershed treated with soil and water conservation measures such as diversion drains and staggered contour trenches in nonarable land, terraces of trapezoidal cross section with graded channel on the upstream side (locally termed as graded bund) and stone checks in arable lands and rockfill dams, archweir and nala bund (a local term used for earthen embankment across the drainage channel) across the gully. Hydrological analysis has revealed that integrated management of land and water resources has consistently improved the groundwater regime. Surface runoff from the treated forest and agricultural catchment were only 27.4 and 57.4% of the untreated agricultural catchment, reflecting in high infiltration of rain water due to enhanced opportunity time. Consequently, water levels in the open wells rose by 0.5 to 1.0 m, thereby increasing the area irrigated by the wells by 172% when compared to the preproject period, which in turn improved crop yields by 70%. Hypssometric analysis indicated that water surface levels do not follow the trend of land surface levels due to the nature of the underground geological formation.     

Furrow diking in conservation tillage

Crop production in the Southeastern U.S. can be limited by water; thus, supplemental irrigation is needed to sustain profitable crop production. Increased water capture would efficiently improve water use and reduce supplemental irrigation amounts/costs, thus improving producer's profit margin. We quantified infiltration (INF), runoff (R), and sediment (E) losses from furrow diked (+DT) and non-furrow diked (−DT) tilled conventional (CT) and strip tillage (ST) systems. In 2008, a field study (Tifton loamy sand, Typic Kandiudult) was established with DT, ST, and CT systems. In 2009, a field study (Faceville loamy sand, Typic Kandiudult) was established with DT and ST systems. Treatments (6) included: CT − DT, CT + DT, ST₁ (1-year old) − DT, ST₁ + DT, ST₁₀ (10-year old) − DT, and ST₁₀ + DT. Simulated rainfall (50 mm h⁻¹ for 1 h) was applied to each 2-m × 3-m plots (n = 3). Runoff and E were measured from each 6-m² plot. ST₁ + DT plots had 80-88% less R than ST₁ − DT plots. Any disturbance associated with DT in ST₁ systems did not negatively impact E values. For both soils, CT − DT plots represented the worst-case scenario in terms of measured R and E; ST + DT plots represented the best-case scenario. Trends for R, E, and estimated plant available water (PAW) values decreased in order of CT − DT, CT + DT, ST₁ − DT, ST₁ + DT, ST₁₀ − DT, and ST₁₀ + DT treatments. From a hydrology standpoint, ST₁ − DT plots behaved more similarly to CT plots than to other ST plots; from a sediment standpoint, ST₁ − DT plots behaved more similarly to other ST plots than to CT plots. DT had no effect on ST₁₀ plots. CT − DT and ST₁₀ + DT plots resulted in 5.9 (worst-case) and 8.1 (best-case) days of water for crop use, a difference of 2.2 days of water for crop use or 37%. Compared to the CT − DT treatment, an agricultural field managed to CT + DT, ST₁ − DT, ST₁ + DT, ST₁₀ − DT, and ST₁₀ + DT would save a producer farming the CT − DT field $5.30, $9.42, $13.55, $14.14, and $14.14 ha⁻¹, respectively, to pump the amount of water lost to R and not saved as INF back onto the field. The most water/cost savings occurred for CT and ST₁ plots as a result of DT. Savings for CT + DT, ST₁ − DT, and ST₁ + DT treatments represent 27%, 47%, and 68% of the cost of DT ($20 ha⁻¹) and 37%, 67%, and 96% of the savings a producer would have if managing the field to ST for 10 years without DT (ST₁₀ − DT) in a single 50-mm rainfall event. For row-crop producers in the Southeastern U.S. with runoff producing rainfall events during the crop growing season, DT is a management practice that is cost-effective from a natural resource and financial standpoint for those producers that continue to use CT systems and especially those that have recently adopted ST systems into their farming operations.     

有机肥替代化肥对水稻产量、土壤肥力及农田氮磷流失的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究不同种类有机肥替代化肥比例对水稻产量、土壤肥力及农田径流氮、磷流失的影响。研究结果表明：50%猪粪有机肥替代化肥处理水稻产量最高,可达10 439.66kg/hm ²,100%、30%、50%有机肥替代化肥处理水稻产量呈依次增加趋势,且猪粪有机肥替代化肥各处理水稻产量均高于秸秆有机肥替代化肥处理;有机肥能有效提高土壤肥力,100%有机肥替代化肥处理土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量最高;单施化肥处理总氮（TN）流失量和流失率最高,分别为9.43kg/hm ²和4.91%,随着有机肥施用比例的增加,稻季农田径流TN流失量和流失率逐渐下降,50%和30%有机肥替代化肥处理TN流失量和流失率较100%有机肥处理显著升高,但猪粪和秸秆有机肥替代化肥处理间差异不显著;100%秸秆和猪粪有机肥处理总磷（TP）流失量和流失率最高,TP流失量分别为1.815、1.732kg/hm ²,TP流失率分别为1.08%、1.02%,50%和30%有机肥替代化肥处理TP流失量逐渐下降,秸秆有机肥替代化肥处理TP流失量和流失率均高于猪粪有机肥替代化肥处理,且有显著性差异。50%猪粪有机肥替代化肥处理在兼顾水稻高产稳产的同时,能够有效降低稻季农田氮素径流流失量和流失率,且维持较低水平的磷素径流流失量和流失率,是一种适宜的资源有效利用、节肥增效的有机肥替代化肥措施。     

Improved water capture and erosion reduction through furrow diking

Crop production in Georgia and the Southeastern U.S. can be limited by water; thus, supplemental irrigation is often needed to sustain profitable crop production. Increased water capture would efficiently improve water use and reduce irrigation amounts and other input costs, thus improving producer's profit margin. We quantified water capturing and erosional characteristics of furrow diking by comparing runoff (R) and soil loss (E) from furrow diked (DT) and non-furrow diked tilled (CT) systems. A field study (Faceville loamy sand, Typic Kandiudult) was established (2006 and 2007) near Dawson, GA with DT and CT systems managed to irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Treatments included: DT vs. CT; DT with and without shank (+/− S); and rainfall simulation performed (0, 60 days after tillage, DAT). Simulated rainfall (50 mm h⁻¹ for 1 h) was applied to all 2 m × 3 m plots (n = 3). All runoff and E were measured from each flat, level sloping 6-m² plot (slope = 1%). Compared to CT, DT decreased R and E by 14-28% and 2.0-2.8 times, respectively. Compared to DT − S, DT + S decreased R and E by 17-56% and 26% to 2.1 times, respectively. Compared to sealed/crusted soil conditions at 60 DAT, simulating rainfall on a freshly tilled seedbed condition (DAT = 0) decreased R by 69% to 3.4 times and increased E by 27%. DT0 + S + RF0 plots (best-case scenario) had 2.8 times less R, and 2.6 times less E than CT − S + RF60 plots (worst-case). Based on $1.17 ha-mm⁻¹ to pump irrigation water and $18.50 ha⁻¹ for DT, a producer in the Coastal Plain region of Georgia would recover cost of DT by saving the first 16 ha-mm of water. The DT + S system is a cost-effective management practice for producers in Georgia and the Southeastern U.S. that positively impacts natural resource conservation, producer profit margins, and environmental quality.     

Using a furrow system for surface drainage under unsteady rain

Water excess during winter limits crop development on heavy clay soil conditions of the Gharb valley (Morocco). The furrow system to eliminate these negative effects is the adopted solution. This article focuses on the development of a water transfer model through a furrow system during unsteady rainfall event to evaluate the runoff volume resulting from a reference rainy event. This model contains a production function associated to a transfer function. The production function is based on the Green-Ampt infiltration equation. The latter has been adapted to account for unsteady rain conditions and rainfall intermittence. The transfer function is based on the kinematic wave model, the explicit solution of which is coupled with the water excess generated by the production function. Simulated runoff in the furrows is collected by a drainage ditch evacuating the flow outside a plot of 1.3 ha. The similarity between parameters of a furrow irrigation model and those of the production function is advantageously used for model calibration.The proposed modelling approach shows capabilities to predict water amount and peak discharges evacuated from a plot of around 1 ha by a furrow system under unsteady rainfall events. As an application, it is used to evaluate the ability of the surface drainage system to evacuate the excessive volumes of water under typical rainfalls.