日光温室多头切花菊品质模拟

通过不同品种和定植期试验,根据温光对菊花Dendranthema × grandiflora品质的影响,初步建立了以生理辐热积（PTEP）为尺度的日光温室多头切花菊外观品质预测模型,并用独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明：模型对日光温室多头切花菊株高、展叶数、单株叶面积、茎粗和花径的模拟值与实测值的符合度较好,模拟值与实测值基于1 ∶ 1线的决定系数（R²）和相对预测误差（E_RP）分别为0.99,0.99,0.94,0.87,0.92和7.2%,6.9%,10.2%,5.6%,18.2%,模型预测精度较高。图2表3参14     

基于遥感的广州市林分光合有效辐射分析研究

以1998年Landsat TM,2003年Landsat ETM+和2007年IRS-P6卫星数据为信息源,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)与光合有效辐射(PAR)的线性关系,得到广州市PAR的情况,研究其动态变化。结果表明:在经济快速发展的10年中,1998—2003年广州市林分PAR逐年增强,特别是阔叶林增加较快,而针叶林保持较稳定的状态,森林生产力较高。2003—2007年广州市区、花都区、番禺3个区的林分PAR明显减弱,2007年广州市区和番禺区林分光合有效辐射比率(FPAR)较小,这说明广州市在珠三角发展的带动下城市化进程加快,人为活动的影响越来越明显。     

平原区农田林网光强变化及其对小麦产量的影响

研究了豫东平原农田林网内光合有效辐射及其对小麦产量的影响,结果表明:杨树林带对作物遮荫影响在1倍树高范围内,1倍树高之外影响不明显;在第1点(0.1H,H为树高)、第2点(0.5H)和第3点(1H)的光强分别占第5点(3.6H,CK)光强的63.0%、88.2%、98.8%,第4点(2.6H)光强与第5点几乎相等;农田林网内不同时期遮荫效应依次是成熟期>灌浆期>开花期>苗期;各点日变化均呈单峰曲线,除第1点峰值出现在14:00,其余各点均出现在13:00;其中,成熟期各点光强日变化最明显;小麦产量呈现随试验点离林带距离的增加而增大的趋势,第4点产量最高,为966.43g/m2,对照点有所降低;小麦粒数变化与产量趋势一致,千粒重随距林带距离增加有增大趋势,但差异不明显;小麦产量和粒数与光强均呈正相关(P<0.05);小麦千粒重与光强关系不明显。     

夏玉米冠层光合有效辐射垂直分布模型

吸收光合有效辐射分量（FPAR）是研究植被群体光合作用和光能利用的重要参数,弄清冠层内FPAR的垂直分布规律及其与冠层结构等参数之间的定量关系,可以为遥感定量反演冠层FPAR提供模型基础。该文基于平均冠层的辐射传输过程,结合冠层结构建立玉米冠层内FPAR垂直分布计算模型,并就模型的参数如植被组分光学特性、株型、太阳高度角以及天空散射光比例等对FPAR垂直分布结果的影响进行了分析。利用实测结构参数模拟了玉米冠层内FPAR,并与SUNSCAN测量值进行了比较,结果表明模型对封垄后的玉米冠层内FPAR垂直分布的模拟精度较高,RMSE均小于0.18,并能较好地计算封垄前冠层内FPAR的垂直分布趋势。     

氮磷调控及紫云英配施提高早稻冠层特性和产量

为揭示不同氮、磷施用量及配合翻压适量紫云英入田对早稻冠层特性和产量的影响,在7个施氮、3个施磷及2个不施氮/磷水平下,开展早稻全生育期叶面积指数LAI、冠层光合有效辐射PAR传输特性、叶片叶绿素SPAD值、生育后期剑叶净光合速率Pn及产量的试验观测。结果表明,氮磷调控可显著影响早稻LAI、叶片叶绿素含量和叶片光合速率,进而通过调节LAI影响冠层PAR传输特性,最终表现为产量上的差异。缺氮对早稻的影响显著高于缺磷,但在施肥充足时,磷肥对产量的影响比氮肥更加显著。早稻冠层特性和产量随氮、磷施用量的增加表现出边际递减效应,当施用量超过某一值时出现拐点,最终表现为产量的下降。在赣抚平原灌区,187.5~225 kg/hm2施氮量和60~120 kg/hm2施磷量以及翻压15 000 kg/hm2紫云英鲜草入田可有效提高早稻LAI和冠层PAR截获率In以及叶片叶绿素含量,维持剑叶生长期内较高的净光合速率Pn,获得高产。     

山西中部太阳辐射与光合有效辐射的特征研究

利用辐射观测站太原站1960~2003年的辐射资料和气象资料序列,探讨了计算山西中部太阳辐射和光合有效辐射的方法,并对太阳辐射和光合有效辐射的分布特征进行了系统分析。结果表明,利用日照百分率建立的经验公式可以比较精确地计算山西中部的太阳辐射,其相对误差除冬、夏个别月份大于1%外,其他月份均小于1%;在3种计算方法中,选出了符合山西实际的光合有效辐射计算方法,效果较好。山西中部太阳辐射年内差异明显,呈现单峰型,5月是太阳能利用的最佳时段;从太阳辐射和光合有效辐射的空间分布看,盆地较少,丘陵和山区较多。     

Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 1. Production physiology

With renewed interest in the use of ecologically-designed, sustainable agricultural systems for temperate regions of the world, agroforestry is being proposed as an alternative to intensive production of crops in monocultures. However, the knowledge-base for understanding and managing complex, multi-strata systems worldwide is limited, particularly so for temperate regions. We examined an alley cropping system in the midwestern US where maize (Zea mays L.) is grown in alleys between tree rows of either black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) or red oak (Quercus rubra L.). During a course of ten years, crop yields in rows adjacent to tree rows declined by 50% or more. With the experimental introduction of barriers to separate tree and crop root systems, yields in the rows near trees were equal to those of the center row (and monoculture). Irrespective of a high correlation between photosynthetically active radiation and net photosynthesis, shading did not have a major influence on crop yield. At this stage of system development (11 year old trees), influence of incident PAR on crop yield seems to be minimal. Subsequent papers in this series examine the sharing of belowground resources between trees and crops to quantify the competitive interactions that impact crop yields and their implications for economic return to the farmer.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Aesthetic growth of a native tree species with desirable characteristics for urban green areas in arid and semiarid environments

Having an aesthetic form is one of the desirable aspects of trees used to create or reforest urban green areas, which is often achieved by procedures that require a great effort. The understanding of factors affecting the architecture of plants in natural conditions may be useful to promote a desirable shape during the growth process. Under the hypothesis that trees in high luminosity conditions have a more aesthetical growth, in this study we explore the relationship between plant shape and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in Bursera fagaroides, a characteristic species of the tropical dry forest and xerophytic shrub-lands useful for urban green areas in semiarid environments. To evaluate trees shape we calculate a symmetry index (I_S) by using two diameters of the crown, perpendicular to each other, and the total height. Measurements were made over three periods (before, during and after the growth period); and PAR was also measured for each tree. Linear regressions were used to analyze the relationship between the symmetry of trees and PAR received during the growth period. The post-growth symmetry of trees showed a positive relationship with the PAR received by trees during the growth period, suggesting that PAR effects can be harnessed to develop post-germination strategies for the production of trees with a more aesthetical growth in the studied species. Effect of PAR on the shape of plants may represent a practical option to promote aesthetical growth of trees and shrubs with importance for creation and restoration of urban green areas.     

棉花群体冠层PAR与农艺性状及产量的关联性研究

本文研究了陆地棉品种徐州553三种密度群体冠层PAR的分布规律、PAR与农艺性状及产量的关联性。结果表明:(1)棉田冠层PAR随密度增加而递减;冠层PAR值的高低随生育期变化的顺序是初花期>盛花期>吐絮期>盛铃期。(2)棉田封行后,冠层PAR的垂直分布符合Y=axe~(bx)曲线变化规律。(3)PAR对结果系数、NAR、果枝与主茎夹角、单株果枝数、单铃重和成铃率的直接效应为较大正值,对主茎节距、第一果枝高度、总果节数为较大负值。(4)PAR与皮棉产量(Y)的关系可由Y=a十bx+cx~2拟合,且曲线拟合的理论值与实际值差异小于1％。这些结果丰富了棉花光能利用的理论研究,也为合理密植、改善棉田光能分布以增加产量提供了理论依据。     

Effects of aspen canopy removal and root trenching on understory microenvironment and soil moisture

Effects of three aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) canopy removal treatments and root trenching on understory microenvironment and moisture were tested at Parkland and Boreal sites in Alberta, Canada. Aspen canopies moderated air temperature by reducing maximums and increasing minimums, and increased the frost-free period in the understory by reducing radiative frosts. When daily differences were found among canopy treatments, maximum absolute humidity was greater with complete canopy removal. Maximum daily relative humidity was greater in openings at night than with either full or partial canopy cover. Predictably, increasing aspen cover reduced PAR reaching the understory. Soil moisture response was highly variable, changing with site, aspen density and precipitation patterns, but there were only marginal differences due to root trenching. In the Parkland site, soil moisture conservation from aspen canopy and leaf litter effects were masked by tree uptake in most periods, but a net increase in soil water (+5.2%) was observed during drought. Soil and microclimatic conditions in thinned aspen stands suggest potentially favourable production benefits from developing and adopting agroforestry systems in these northern ecosystems.