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41.
水分对有机基质栽培番茄生长、生理特性和产量的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以番茄品种齐粉为试材,研究了基质相对含水量为(95±5)%、(80±5)%、(65±5)%和(50±5)%4个处理对有机基质栽培番茄生长、生理特性和产量的影响。结果表明,随着基质相对含水量的升高,有机基质栽培番茄的株高、茎粗、叶面积、节间长和产量均明显增加;番茄叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度都增大,而水分利用率下降。基质相对含水量为80%的处理与相对含水量为50%和65%的处理相比,番茄长势较好,蒸腾强度、光合强度和产量较高。基质相对含水量为95%的处理与80%的处理相比,产量未有显著增加,且植株有徒长现象,水分利用率低,水资源浪费严重。 相似文献
42.
N. A. S. Messiha A. D. van Diepeningen N. S. Farag S. A. Abdallah J. D. Janse A. H. C. van Bruggen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,118(3):211-225
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was isolated from the rhizosphere of eggplant in the Nile Delta of Egypt, and its antagonistic potential against Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2, the causal agent of potato brown rot, was in vitro evaluated on KB agar medium and in vivo on potato plants.
In vitro, four isolates of S. maltophilia (PD3531, PD3532, PD3533, and PD3534) appeared antagonistic. The isolate (PD3533) was screened as the most promising antagonist
for the in vivo tests. In the greenhouse, the antagonist was applied directly to soil or by bacterization of potato eyepieces.
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia significantly suppressed potato brown rot in Egyptian clay soil but not in Dutch clay soil. Survival of a rifampicin and
chloramphenicol-resistant S. maltophilia strain PD4560 was investigated in two pairs of clay soils, conventionally and organically managed, from Egypt and the Netherlands.
The survival of S. maltophilia was significantly less in Dutch than in Egyptian soils, while the converse occurred for R. solanacearum. These results are in agreement with those obtained in the in vivo biocontrol tests. In conclusion, S. maltophilia may be useful for control of brown rot in the area where it was originally isolated, the Nile Delta in Egypt. 相似文献
43.
Nevain A. S. Messiha Ariena H. C. van Bruggen Anne D. van Diepeningen Oscar J. de Vos Aad J. Termorshuizen N. N. A. Tjou-Tam-Sin J. D. Janse 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(4):367-381
Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2, the causative agent of potato brown rot (bacterial wilt), is an economically important disease in tropical,
subtropical and temperate regions of the world. In view of previous reports on suppression of the disease by organic amendments,
and the expansion of organic agriculture, it was timely to compare the effects of organic and conventional management and
various amendments on brown rot development in different soils (type: sand or clay; origin: Egypt or the Netherlands). Brown
rot infection was only slightly reduced in organically compared to conventionally managed sandy soils from Egypt, but organic
management significantly increased disease incidence and pathogen survival in Dutch sandy and clay soils, which correlated
with high DOC contents in the organic Dutch soils. There was no correlation between disease incidence or severity and bacterial
diversity in the potato rhizosphere in differently managed soils (as determined by 16S DGGE). NPK fertilization reduced bacterial
wilt in conventional Egyptian soils but not in Dutch soils. Cow manure amendment significantly reduced disease incidence in
organic Dutch sandy soils, but did not affect the bacterial population. However, cow manure did reduce densities of R. solanacearum in Egyptian sandy soils, most probably by microbial competition as a clear shift in populations was detected with DGGE in
these and Dutch sandy soils after manure amendment. Amendment with compost did not have a suppressive effect in any soil type.
The absence of a disease suppressive effect of mineral and organic fertilization in Dutch clay soils may be related to the
already high availability of inorganic and organic nutrients in these soils. This study shows that the mechanism of disease
suppression of soil-borne plant pathogens may vary strongly according to the soil type, especially if quite different types
of soil are used. 相似文献
44.
Effective management of soil structure and organic matter are essential in organic cropping to ensure good rooting conditions and to optimize the production of mineralized N and thus minimize greenhouse gas emissions. We investigated how mid‐winter or early spring ploughing and three grazing duration treatments prior to ploughing influenced soil structure, soil organic matter and plant root growth under the first spring barley crop after a grass–clover ley. The experiment was carried out over two seasons. We also studied the soil under first‐year oats in a long‐term rotations experiment where 2 or 3 years of arable crops followed 3 or 4 years of grass. Pore size distribution and pore continuity, bulk density, particulate (light fraction) organic matter, readily oxidizable organic matter (ROM), aggregate size distribution and root length densities were measured. Macroporosity appeared to be the best indicator of soil physical fertility; it was sensitive to changes in soil structure arising from compaction and root growth. This, along with visual examination, revealed the loosening resulting from ploughing. The generally favourable macroporosity amongst small, stable aggregates reduced the likelihood of development of anaerobism. Macroporosity and aggregate size can be estimated from visual examination of the soil, a method that offers the advantage of being quick and of sampling a large volume. The content of ROM was high 6.1–6.4 g 100 g?1 whole soil. However, particulates formed only a small fraction (6–9%) of the ROM. Despite the favourable ROM and structure, the soil was susceptible to compaction damage during seedbed preparation in wet soil after ploughing which reduced grain yield in some plots. Grazing by sheep before ploughing and date of ploughing had minor effects on soil quality. Grazing for 2 months prior to ploughing increased root length density in the upper topsoil in the following arable crop, possibly because of the higher quality of the animal and grass–clover residues. Conservation of soil quality was related more to secondary tillage and sowing operations after ploughing than to duration and timing of grazing. 相似文献
45.
本文对有机更新理论的提出及其概念内涵进行了介绍,总结了该理论在目前中国的发展应用,分析了该理论目前在我国存在的问题,提出了自己对该理论在我国应用的几点建议。希望通过对有机更新理论的继承和拓展、创新,将其用于城市化加速发展中的广大旧城地区,以解决目前大量人口、物质的不断集中和旧城老化、衰退的矛盾,同时塑造良好的人居环境。 相似文献
46.
Elke Schulz 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(2):101-105
Basing on two long-term model experiments (microplots as well as greenhouse pot experiment) the influence of extreme management on a very easily decomposable pool of soil organic matter (SOM) was measured. The carbon content (C hwe ) of a hot water extractable pool of SOM was used as an indicator for the decomposable C pool. This parameter reflects both the dynamics of the amount of decomposable organic C pool and the different transformation conditions in case of the pot experiment (outside versus inside the greenhouse). Depending on soil type and both the total and decomposable organic matter level at the starting point of the experiments we can observe differences in the decreasing speed of the decomposable C pool: in the soils having a high level of SOM at starting point C hwe pool decreases more rapidly compared to the soils unfertilized or in case of the only P and K treatment of the Static Fertilization Experiment at the beginning of the pot experiment. At least we can observe a difference in decreasing intensity of this C hwe pool when comparing different soil types. 相似文献
47.
Abstract. Nitrate leaching under newly planted Miscanthus grass was measured for three years. The crop received either no fertilizer-N or an annual spring application of 60 kg or 120 kg N ha-1 . During three winters soil water was collected from porous cup probes installed 90 cm deep. Nitrate leaching was calculated from the mean drain flow recorded in two drain gauges multiplied by the mean nitrate-N concentration in the soil water solutions collected. In the first year soil water nitrate concentrations were high on all treatments and N losses were 154, 187 and 228 kg ha-1 respectively on the unfertilized treatment and those that received 60 or 120 kg N ha-1 . Leaching losses in the second and third years were, in turn, 8, 24 and 87 kg ha-1 and 3, 11 and 30 kg ha-1 for the unfertilized treatment and for the 60 and 120 kg N ha-1 treatments respectively. Leaching losses were closer to those recorded under extensively managed grassland than arable land. The large losses in the first year were probably due to the previous agricultural management at the site and excessive inputs of N on the fertilized plots. In the second and third year, lower drainage volumes may also have influenced losses. The results show that Miscanthus , once established, can lead to low levels of nitrate leaching and improved groundwater quality compared with growing arable crops. 相似文献
48.
Abstract. The validity of the model described in Greenwood & Karpinets (1997) was tested against the results of single year, multi level K fertilizer experiments. Measurements of plant mass, %K in the plant and K activity ratio in soil had been made at harvest and at intervals during the growing season on spring wheat, summer cabbage and turnips. Reasonably good agreement was obtained between these measurements and simulated values when the two 'crop' parameters (defining the dependence of critical and maximum possible %K on plant mass) were adjusted for each crop. Also good agreement was generally obtained for plant weight and plant %K at harvest in less detailed experiments on 10 other crops. Values of the two 'crop' parameters for 12 of the crops were strongly correlated with one another suggesting that a single 'crop' parameter may be all that is required to define most inter-species differences in plant-K demand.
Simulations with the model indicate that, in central England, no response of 10 crops to K fertilizer would be likely on soils containing more than 170 mg of 1 M ammonium nitrate extractable-K/kg of soil and having clay contents of between 15 and 45%. Shortcomings of the model and opportunities for advance are discussed.
A simplified version of the model runs on the Internet at: http://www.qpais.co.uk/moda-djg/potass.htm 相似文献
Simulations with the model indicate that, in central England, no response of 10 crops to K fertilizer would be likely on soils containing more than 170 mg of 1 M ammonium nitrate extractable-K/kg of soil and having clay contents of between 15 and 45%. Shortcomings of the model and opportunities for advance are discussed.
A simplified version of the model runs on the Internet at: http://www.qpais.co.uk/moda-djg/potass.htm 相似文献
49.
有机肥对水分胁迫下大豆几种生理指标和茎叶组织超微结构的影响 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
1993-1994年在碳酸盐黑钙土上进行了有机肥,化肥和有机无机配合施用的盆栽试验。在大豆生育期间人工模拟旱境条件下测定了与大豆抗旱性有关的大豆叶片细胞膜透性,过氧化氢酶活性,内源激素脱落酸含量和茎叶组织超微结构等项目。 相似文献
50.