Nitrogen balance in barrows fed low-protein diets supplemented with essential amino acids

This study was conducted to determine the effect of addition of essential amino acids (EAA) to low-protein diets on N balance in barrows. Thirty barrows (Duroc × Yorkshire) with an initial BW of 36 kg were fed 5 corn- and soybean meal-based diets containing 13.6 to 18.2% crude protein (CP) for 10 d in a randomized complete block design. The 18.2% CP diet was formulated without addition of EAA (Lys, Met or Thr). The other diets contained 13.6 to 16.5% CP and were supplemented with EAA to provide 0.83% true digestible lysine equal to that in the 18.2% CP diet. Fecal, urinary, and total N excretion as well as N retention (g/d) decreased with decreasing dietary CP level (P < 0.01). The apparent digestibility of N was almost the same for the 18.2 and 16.5 CP diets, but the value was 2% higher (P = 0.07) than that for the 13.6% CP diet. These findings indicate that, compared with the 18.2% CP diets, supplementation with three EAA to the lowest-protein diets (13.6 CP) is inadequate for maximum intestinal protein digestion, amino acid absorption, or tissue protein deposition in growing barrows.     

菜薹(菜心)土壤氮营养诊断指标及合理施氮量

在不同地点,不同肥力水平的菜园土上进行菜薹(菜心)氮肥田间试验,经过对17个试验点菜心相对产量与土壤碱解氮含量的相关统计分析,并建立回归方程。结果表明:菜心产量与土壤碱解氮含量呈抛物线相关,在质地为中壤土的菜园上种植菜心,土壤碱解氮含量为146~277mg·kg-1时无需施氮,低于此范围应补充氮肥,超过此范围应控制施氮;菜心产量与施氮量呈抛物线相关,在低、中、高肥力水平的菜园土上种植菜心,要求菜心达到6433~6455、6633~6877、6733~7311kg·hm-2的产量水平,推荐氮肥用量分别为67~104、67~89、67~78kg·hm-2。     

氮素对大蒜生长及养分吸收的影响

以地方品种金乡白皮蒜为试材,研究不同氮肥处理对大蒜蒜薹和鳞茎产量的影响,以及在适宜施氮量的条件下,大蒜干物质积累及养分吸收的情况。结果表明:每生产1000kg大蒜需从土壤中吸收氮8.5kg、磷1.4kg、钾5.2kg。从播种到鳞芽花芽分化期(180d),大蒜干物质日均积累量相对较低,对氮、磷、钾的吸收量分别占整个生育期的30.7%、36.8%和46.1%;从鳞芽花芽分化期到收获(52d),蒜薹伸长、鳞茎膨大,大蒜干物质日均积累量迅速增加,对氮、磷、钾的吸收分别占整个生育期的69.3%、63.2%和53.9%,到收获前期干物质积累和养分吸收达到高峰。本试验条件下适宜氮素用量为240kg·hm-2,大蒜对氮、磷、钾的吸收分别为0.710、0.114和0.434g·株-1,吸收比例为1∶0.16∶0.61。     

A comparison of nitrogen use efficiency definitions in Citrus rootstocks

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) definitions, commonly used in literature, are evaluated in response to nitrate availability in four citrus rootstocks, Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) (RL), Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) (SwO), Cleopatra Mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort ex Tan.) (CM) and Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) (SO). The application of diverse definitions determine different characterizations in N-efficiency among rootstocks. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) and nitrogen efficiency ratio (NER) determine equal level of nitrogen efficiency among all rootstocks. Total nitrogen accumulation (TNA), nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE), shoot dry weight (SDW) and total leaf area (TLA) response curves produce the same NUE characterization: SO and SwO were nitrate use efficient and inefficient rootstocks, respectively, while the RL and CM exhibit superior and inferior genetic potential, respectively.     

氮磷钾施肥比例对枣幼树生长、结果和果实品质的影响

 以‘大瓜枣’为试材，用盆栽试验研究了氮磷钾施肥比例对枣幼树生长、结果和品质的影响，结果表明，氮磷钾比例为2∶1∶2时，生长中庸，树形结构合理，可显著提高坐果和产量。氮磷钾比例为2∶1.5∶3时，可显著促进生长，较丰产，可溶性固形物含量高,两种比例均可作为施肥参考。施用有机肥可增进品质。     

氮源对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的影响

选用15种常见氮源,应用固体和液体培养方法,筛选适宜番茄灰霉病菌生长的氮源营养物质.结果表明:在固体培养中,病菌对氮源的利用以蛋白胨为最好,其次为酵母膏.在液体培养中,病菌对氮源的利用以酵母膏为最好,其次为(NH4)2SO4.     

N、P、K肥配施对杂交甜高梁草产量及效益的影响

应用D-最优化设计研究N、P、K肥配施与杂交甜高粱品种甜格雷兹饲草产量及效益的关系，结果表明：N肥对草产量和效益影响最大；在较高N水平下，P、K间交互效应均利于甜格雷兹的增产增收；其最优施肥方案为N150．53kg／hm^2、P20550．82kg／hm^2、K2075．71kg／hm^2，草产量为112．09t／hm^2，获得效益20．902×10^3元／hm^2。     

氮素水平与光强互作对‘蓝伞’玉簪生长和光合特性的影响

 以蓝灰类型玉簪‘蓝伞’（Hosta 'Blue Umbrella'）为材料，研究了4种光强（自然光照的100%、50%、30%、10%）和4种氮素水平（盆栽土施尿素量0、0.5、1.5和2.5 g·kg^-1）处理对玉簪生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明：‘蓝伞’玉簪的生长和光合特性受光强、氮素水平以及光氮互作的影响。在同一氮素水平下，随着光照强度的减弱，玉簪的生物量、叶面积、叶片数、光合速率及可溶性蛋白含量均表现先上升后下降的趋势，在30%～50%光强下达到最大值；叶绿素含量则随光强的减弱而增加。在同一光照强度下，随着氮素水平的升高，玉簪的生物量、叶面积、叶片数、光合速率及叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势，在0.5 g·kg^-1氮素水平下达到最大值。     

Linking Land-use, Water Body Type and Water Quality in Southern New Zealand

Land-use and vegetation cover have been linked to the nutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorus) of surface waters in several countries. However, the links generally relate to streams and rivers, or to specific types of standing water, for example shallow lakes in a geologically defined region. We measured physical variables and nutrient chemistry of 45 water bodies representative of the wide range of lentic wetland environments (swamps, riverine wetlands, estuaries, reservoirs, shallow lakes, deep lakes) in Otago, New Zealand, and related these to catchment variables and land-use in order to assess the potential influence of catchment modification on water quality of these diverse wetlands. Catchment boundaries and land cover were derived from maps using ArcView GIS software. Our predictions that concentrations of nutrients and other components of water quality would correlate positively with the nature and intensity of catchment modification were confirmed in multivariate analyses. Physical and chemical measures were positively related to the extent of modification in the catchment (percentage of the catchment in pasture, planted forest, scrub and urban areas), and negatively related to lack of catchment modification (more of the catchment in bare ground, tussock grassland and indigenous forest). The strong negative correlations between nutrient concentrations, suspended sediment, water colour and the percentage of tussock cover in the catchment imply that increased conversion of the␣native tussock grassland to pastoral farming in␣Otago will increase nutrient concentrations and␣reduce water quality of the diverse lentic ecosystems.     

Continuous Monitoring of Visible and Near-Infrared Band Reflectance from a Rice Paddy for Determining Nitrogen Uptake Using Digital Cameras

Abstract

A two-band digital imaging system —one band for the visible red band (RED, 630?670 nm) and the other for the near infrared band (NIR, 820?900 nm)— was devised and positioned at a height of 12 m above a rice field of 300 m² in area during the 2007 growing season. The imaging system automatically logged bird’seye view images at 10-min intervals from 0800?1600 every day. Radiometric corrections for the pairs of two-band images were done using solar irradiance sensors and preceding calibrations to calculate daily band-reflectance and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values for 9 plots of rice plants, with 3 levels of planting density and basal fertilization. The daily- averaged reflectance values in the RED and the NIR bands showed different but smooth seasonal changing patterns according to the growth of plants. At the maximum tiller number and the panicle formation stages, the RED and NIR reflectance values had correlation coefficients (r) of 0.79 and 0.81 with above-ground nitrogen absorption per unit land area (NA, g m-²), respectively, whereas the NDVI using the two band reflectance values showed r-value of -0.13. An empirically derived equation for the NA using two band reflectance values showed r-value of 0.96 and a root mean square of error (RMSE) 0.5 g m^–2 (10% of the mean observed NA) in the estimation for the original (not validated) data set acquired at the maximum tiller number and the panicle formation stages. The results indicated that reflectance observation in the RED and NIR bands using the digital imaging system was potentially effective for assessing rice growth.