寒地水稻不同氮肥施用量试验结果汇总

对2007～2010年水稻不同氮肥施用量试验结果进行汇总,结果表明:在一定的氮肥施用量范围内随着施氮量的增加水稻产量、单株分蘖率、穗粒数、稻米垩白率、蛋白质含量均呈增加趋势;千粒重、食味值随着氮肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势.不同年际氮肥的最佳施用量受气象条件影响明显.     

Water and nitrogen interaction on soil profile water extraction and ET in maize-wheat cropping system

In the present study, water and nitrogen interaction on soil profile water extraction and evapo-transpiration (ET) was investigated taking a field experiment on a clay loam soil (Typic Haplustept) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi with four consecutive crops (maize-wheat-maize-wheat) taken from July 2002 to April 2004. Three levels of water regime, namely W1, W2 and W3 referring to limited, medium and maximum irrigation were applied to each crop depending on the seasonal rainfall and the critical crop growth stage. The three water regimes were used with five nitrogen levels from T1 to T5, (T1, 0% N; T2, 75% N; T3, 100% N; T4, 150% N; T5, 100% N from organic source) in a split plot design for the four crops grown in sequence.Significant water and nitrogen interaction was observed for ET and soil profile water extraction pattern. Averaged across nitrogen treatments, ET in W2 and W3 were higher by 17 and 26%, respectively than W1 in maize 2002 and by 12 and 19% in maize 2003. In case of wheat, ET in W2 and W3 were higher by 27 and 58% than W1 in 1st crop and by 37 and 70% in 2nd crop. The effect of nitrogen regime, however, was prominent in both crops of maize and wheat, with significantly higher profile soil moisture depletion in T4 of each water regime. In all cases, lowest water depletion was observed in control plots receiving 0% N.In both crops, water extraction from surface 60 cm was highest in W3 followed by W2 and W1. In maize, the % extraction from 0 to 60 cm layer varied from 71 to 76% (W1), 70-79% (W2) and 75-82% (W3), whereas the values for wheat were 70-77, 72-79 and 75-83% for W1, W2 and W3, respectively. The 90-120 cm layer contributed only 3-14% to total water extraction in both the crops. From 90 to 120 cm layer, higher extraction was observed in W1 as compared to W3. The extraction values in W1, W2 and W3 in maize were 9-13, 7-14 and 3-9, respectively, whereas the corresponding values in wheat were 8-14, 5-12 and 3-7% for the three water regimes. Effect of nitrogen treatments on water extraction from deeper layer was observed with higher extraction in highest fertilized treatment (T4) as compared to other treatments.     

堆肥过程中氮素损失的控制

概述了影响堆肥过程中氮素损失的因素,并总结了目前国内外关于堆肥氮素损失控制的方法,其中包括添加化学物质、调节堆料的C/N、加入微生物固氮、利用吸附性物质,以期为堆肥过程中有效地控制氮素损失提供理论基础和实践参考。     

Yield and water-production functions of two durum wheat cultivars grown under different irrigation and nitrogen regimes

Wheat (Triticum durum L.) yields in the semi-arid regions are limited by inadequate water supply late in the cropping season. Planning suitable irrigation strategy and nitrogen fertilization with the appropriate crop phenology will produce optimum grain yields. A 3-year experiment was conducted on deep, fairly drained clay soil, at Tal Amara Research Station in the central Bekaa Valley of Lebanon to investigate the response of durum wheat to supplemental irrigation (IRR) and nitrogen rate (NR). Three water supply levels (rainfed and two treatments irrigated at half and full soil water deficit) were coupled with three N fertilization rates (100, 150 and 200 kg N ha⁻¹) and two cultivars (Waha and Haurani) under the same cropping practices (sowing date, seeding rate, row space and seeding depth). Averaged across N treatments and years, rainfed treatment yielded 3.49 Mg ha⁻¹ and it was 25% and 28% less than half and full irrigation treatments, respectively, for Waha, while for Haurani the rainfed treatment yielded 3.21 Mg ha⁻¹, and it was 18% and 22% less than half and full irrigation, respectively. On the other hand, N fertilization of 150 and 200 kg N ha⁻¹ increased grain yield in Waha by 12% and 16%, respectively, in comparison with N fertilization of 100 kg N ha⁻¹, while for cultivar Haurani the increases were 24% and 38%, respectively. Regardless of cultivar, results showed that supplemental irrigation significantly increased grain number per square meter and grain weight with respect to the rainfed treatment, while nitrogen fertilization was observed to have significant effects only on grain number per square meter. Moreover, results showed that grain yield for cultivar Haurani was less affected by supplemental irrigation and more affected by nitrogen fertilization than cultivar Waha in all years. However, cultivar effects were of lower magnitude compared with those of irrigation and nitrogen. We conclude that optimum yield was produced for both cultivars at 50% of soil water deficit as supplemental irrigation and N rate of 150 kg N ha⁻¹. However, Harvest index (HI) and water use efficiency (WUE) in both cultivars were not significantly affected neither by supplemental irrigation nor by nitrogen rate. Evapotranspiration (ET) of rainfed wheat ranged from 300 to 400 mm, while irrigated wheat had seasonal ET ranging from 450 to 650 mm. On the other hand, irrigation treatments significantly affected ET after normalizing for vapor pressure deficit (ET/VPD) during the growing season. Supplemental irrigation at 50% and 100% of soil water deficit had approximately 26 and 52 mm mbar⁻¹ more ET/VPD, respectively, than those grown under rainfed conditions.     

Dual and Triple Intercropping: Potential Benefits for Annual Green Manure Production

Abstract

Greater species diversity in natural ecosystems increases plant biomass production and stability. Intercropping is an agricultural practice that aims to accrue the benefits of species diversity by growing two or more species simultaneously in the same space. Functional group diversity is considered important for enhancing the beneficial effects of species diversity, but most previous intercropping studies used combinations of only two functional groups. Thus, we used three green manure species from different functional groups: sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.), a C4 grass; crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea L.), a legume; and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a forb. We examined the effects of intercropping on biomass, nutrient uptake, and their stability using a proportional replacement series in a field experiment for three years with four trials. The aboveground biomass was higher with dual and triple-component intercrops compared with sole crops; however, there were no superior effects of triple-component intercropping over dual-component intercropping. There were also no clear advantages of intercropping in terms of the nutrient uptake amount and stability.     

氮磷不同配比施肥对加工番茄生长及产量的影响

配方施肥明显改善了加工番茄的生长,增加了植株分枝数、单株坐果数和单果重,对提高加工番茄的产量有显著效果;过多的氮肥投入反而影响番茄的产量.结果表明:N:P2O5=1:1,投肥总量为施纯N 1.073～1.38 kg/hm2,P2O50.981～1.38 kg/hm2,产量和效益最佳.     

不同施氮水平对黄瓜产量和品质的影响

研究了青紫塥粘田上施用氮肥对黄瓜产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在磷、钾肥底肥的基础上.施用氮肥具有显著增产作用,但施氮量在450 kg/hm2以上产量极显著降低.施用氮肥对黄瓜卫生标准没有明显影响,黄瓜硝酸盐舍量符合生食标准(<432 mg/kg).施氮水平对黄瓜的品质影响很大,VC含量,可溶性蛋白质在一定范围内有所提高,但随氮肥的进一步增加呈下降趋势,可溶性糖舍量在450～600 kg/hm2 范围内有所增高.综合考虑作物产量、品质、生产成本、人体健康等因素,在本试验条件下,黄瓜氮肥施用量为300 kg/hm2左右为宜.     

不同氮磷钾组合搭配对佛手茶产量效应的影响初报

以茶叶目标产量为基础，以氮磷钾肥料不同组合搭配进行L9（3^4）正交试验，结果氮磷钾肥取2：1：1水平为最优化配方组合，处理4（A281C2）、处理6（A283C1）较接近最优化配方组合，但经经济效益分析，只有处理6（A283C1）单产582．00kg／667m^2，纯收入2973．59元／667m^2为最佳组合。由此认为在粘质红壤施肥，应以氮肥为主，配合施用速效磷肥，即尿素32．60kg／667m^2、钙镁磷66.18kg／667m^2、氯化钾7．50kg／667m^2，纯N14．996kg／667m^2，N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．75：013为最佳组合较合理。佛手茶是大叶品种，适量增施氮磷肥，有利于促进新梢的生长而提高产量.     

基于PCA_SVR的油菜氮素光谱特征定量分析模型

研究了采用光谱分析技术对油菜植株全氮进行定量分析的方法.采用逐步回归法对氮素的光谱特征波长进行选择,为克服光谱变量间多重共线性的影响,对变量进行了主成分分析(PCA),为提高模型的拟合优度,应用支持向量机回归(SVR)建立油菜氮素的定量分析模型.对不同氮素水平的油菜冠层光谱数据进行分析,结果表明,406、460、556、634、662、675nm的光谱反射率与油菜含氮量呈极显著相关.植株全氮SVR模型预测值与实测值的相关系数为0.89,模型的检验误差(RMSE)为2.51.     

The effect of various nitrogen fertilization and foliar nutrition regimes on the concentrations of nitrates,ammonium ions,dry matter and N-total in carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots

Two field experiments (Experiment I in 2003–2005 and Experiment II in 2004–2005) with carrot c.v. ‘Kazan F₁’ were conducted at Trzciana village (50°06′N, 21°85′E). The experiments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. Two sub-blocks were identified in both experiments: I, without foliar nutrition; II, receiving plant foliar nutrition. The plants were sprayed three times alternately with: 2% urea solution, 1% solution of multi-component ‘Supervit R’ fertilizer (produced by Intermag, Poland) and again with 2% urea solution. Combinations with diversified nitrogen fertilization were distinguished within both sub-blocks. Experiment I comprised of: (1) Control, (2) Ca(NO₃)₂ 70, (3) Ca(NO₃)₂ 70 + 70, (4) (NH₄)₂SO₄ 70 and (5) (NH₄)₂SO₄ 70 + 70. Experiment II included: (1) Control, (2) ENTEC-26 35 + 35, (3) ENTEC-26 70 + 70, (4) ENTEC 26 105 + 105, (5) NH₄NO₃ 35 + 35, (6) NH₄NO₃ 70 + 70, (7) NH₄NO₃ 105 + 105. Where 70 kg N ha⁻¹ was used before sowing, whereas 35 + 35, 70 + 70 and 105 + 105 kg N ha⁻¹ were applied before sowing and as top dressing. Solid nitrogen fertilizer was added to the soil (produced by): Ca(NO₃)₂, Yara International ASA (Hydro); (NH₄)₂SO₄, Zak?ady Azotowe in Tarnów, Poland; NH₄NO₃, Zak?ady Azotowe in Pu?awy, Poland; and ENTEC-26, COMPO GmbH & Co. KG, Germany. The research aimed at determining the effect of diversified nitrogen fertilization and foliar nutrition on NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, N-total and dry matter (d.m.) concentrations in carrot, and N uptake by storage roots. In Experiment I, nitrogen fertilization did not affect NO₃⁻ concentration, whereas in Experiment II, the applied N treatment increased NO₃⁻ concentration in carrot in relation to the control, except for the storage roots of plants fertilized with ENTEC-26 35 + 35. Nitrogen fertilization applied in both experiments caused a significant increase in N-total concentration in carrot and N uptake by storage roots in comparison with the control plants. In both experiments, nitrogen fertilization had a different effect on the concentrations of NH₄⁺ and d.m. in carrot. What is more, foliar nutrition treatments in both experiments had a different effect on the concentrations on NO₃⁻, N-total, d.m. in carrot and N uptake by carrot storage roots.