废弃茶叶茶多酚的提取及其粗提物对水中铜离子的吸附效果

[目的]研究废弃茶叶中茶多酚的提取工艺以及茶渣制成的活性炭对污水中铜离子的吸附作用。[方法]采用L9(34)正交试验优化提取茶多酚的最佳条件。用制备茶多酚的茶渣制备活性炭,测定茶多酚和活性炭对水中铜离子的吸附效果。[结果]茶多酚的最佳提取条件为料液比1∶30,提取温度97℃,提取时间20 min,且茶多酚对铜离子的络合沉淀能力为38.50 mg/g,活性炭对铜离子也具有一定吸附作用,其吸附能力为2.64 mg/g。[结论]茶园废弃茶叶中提取的茶多酚以及茶渣活性炭对铜离子均有较强的清除作用,该方法为茶园废茶资源的循环利用提供了参考。     

圆柏对大气颗粒物的阻滞作用研究

为了研究在单株尺度上林木对大气中不同颗粒物的阻滞作用,选择圆柏作为研究对象,分析3个树冠高度和不同季节中PM_2.5、PM₁₀以及TSP这3种颗粒物的浓度变化规律;对圆柏不同高度上的阻滞效率进行探究,并使用离子色谱对PM_2.5颗粒中的6种水溶性离子成分进行分析。结果表明：不同高度上浓度日变化规律大致相同,浓度差异不大,并均在中午达到最低值;但3个高度的阻滞率差异悬殊,以中部阻滞效果最为明显,尤以PM_2.5为甚,可达47.6%,其次是上部,下部最低;3个季节浓度相差较大,春季最高,夏季次之,秋季最低,且以秋季的波动最为平缓;水溶性离子浓度以Na 、NH₄ 最高,圆柏对F^-、Na 阻滞效果明显,分别为87.62%、68.27%。     

不同土层加入生物质炭对盐分淋洗的影响

生物质炭作为土壤调理剂,能够显著地改良和培肥土壤,但对盐渍化土壤盐分淋洗的影响缺乏研究和了解。本研究采用土柱模拟试验,将蘑菇棒生物质炭以质量比10%,添加到内蒙古河套地区硫酸盐盐渍化土壤0~20 cm,0~35 cm和0~70 cm的土层中,并进行淋洗,测定淋出液和土壤盐分及主要盐分离子含量,以期了解生物质炭对土壤盐分和主要盐分离子洗脱的影响。结果表明:加入生物质炭的土柱,淋洗液出流的时间提前了34~37 d,电导率降低至5 m S·cm-1,需要的时间缩短了94~101 d;比起0~20 cm和0~70 cm土层加入生物质炭处理,0~35 cm土层加入生物质炭淋出液出流时间最早,盐分洗脱的效果最好。生物质炭对盐分离子淋洗也产生不同的影响,促进Na+、K+和Mg2+的洗脱,但抑制Ca2+洗脱;在淋洗初期生物质炭促进Cl-和SO42-洗脱,后期促进了HCO3-和CO32-的洗脱。可见,生物质炭可用作盐渍化土壤调理剂,不仅缩短盐分洗脱时间,而且还可以提高洗盐效率。     

N+离子注入陆地棉花粉对胚珠DNA及M1代cDNA表达的影响

通过对胚珠DNA的SSR标记分析,在DNA水平上检测氮离子束诱变后胚珠的多态性变化,结果表明,离子注入陆地棉花粉后再给雌蕊授粉,会对胚珠的DNA多态性产生影响,表明在一定程度上改变了花粉中精细胞的DNA序列;利用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)分离N+离子诱变花粉和对照正常花粉分别给雌蕊授粉后产生的M1代植株叶片间表达有差异的cDNA片段,建立差异表达cDNA文库。已测序的有50个缩减cDNA克隆,根据BLAST网络服务检索查询EMBLGen、 Bank、DDBJ和PDB的核苷酸序列数据库以及蛋白质氨基酸序列数据库,进行序列联配,结果发现52%序列在数据库中都有同源的棉属来源的EST。38个EST与其他物种已知基因部分区域的同源性为56%-100%,占总EST的76%;5条EST序列能在数据库中检索到同源性序列,但其功能（占10%）尚不清楚;9个EST能在数据库中发现为推测蛋白,占18%;4个EST在GenBank中没有查到对应的同源序列,占8%。     

Organic acid exudation by mycorrhizal Andropogon virginicus L. (broomsedge) roots in response to aluminum

Elevated aluminum (Al) availability limits plant growth on acidic soils. Although this element is found naturally in soils, acidic conditions create an environment where Al solubility increases and toxic forms of Al impact plant function. Plant resistance to Al is often attributed to organic acid exudation from plant roots and the chelation of cationic Al in the rhizosphere. The association of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi with the roots of plants may alleviate Al toxicity by altering soil Al availability or plant exposure through the binding of Al to fungal structures or through the influence of fungi on exudation from roots. Diverse communities of AM fungi are found in soil ecosystems and research suggests that AM fungi exhibit functional diversity that may influence plant performance under varying edaphic environments. In the present study, we evaluated acidic isolates of six AM species in their responses to Al. Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), a warm-season grass that commonly grows in a range of stressful environments including acidic soils, was used as a plant host for Acaulospora morrowiae, Glomus claroideum, Glomus clarum, Glomus etunicatum, Paraglomus brasilianum, and Scutellospora heterogama. Fungal spores were germinated and exposed to 0 or 100 μM Al on filter paper in sand culture or were grown and exposed to Al in sand culture in association with A. virginicus. Short- and long-term responses to Al were evaluated using direct measurements of fungal spore germination, hyphal elongation, and measurements of A. virginicus colonization and plant growth as a phytometer of AM function in symbio. Spore germination and hyphal elongation varied among AM species in response to Al, but patterns were not consistent with the influences of these AM species on A. virginicus under Al exposure. Exposure to Al did not influence colonization of roots, although large differences existed in colonization among fungal species. Plants colonized by G. clarum and S. heterogama exhibited the least reduction in growth when exposed to Al, produced the highest concentrations of Al-chelating organic acids, and had the lowest concentrations of free Al in their root zones. This pattern provides evidence that variation among AM fungi in Al resistance conferred to their plant hosts is associated with the exudation of Al-binding organic acids from roots and highlights the role that AM fungal diversity may play in plant performance in acidic soil environments.     

Soil microbial community as bioindicator of the recovery of soil functioning derived from metal phytoextraction with sorghum

A three-month microcosm study was carried out in order to evaluate: (i) the capacity of sorghum plants to phytoextract Cd (50 mg kg⁻¹) and Zn (1000 mg kg⁻¹) from artificially polluted soil and (ii) the possibility of biomonitoring the efficiency of phytoremediation using parameters related to the size, activity and functional diversity of the soil microbial community. Apart from plant and soil (total and bioavailable) metal concentrations, the following parameters were determined: soil physicochemical properties (pH, OM content, electrical conductivity, total N, and extractable P and K), dehydrogenase activity, basal- and substrate-induced respiration (with glucose and a model rhizodeposit solution, both adjusted to 800 mg C kg⁻¹ DW soil and 45.2 mg N kg⁻¹ DW soil), microbial respiration quotient, functional diversity through community level physiological profiles and, finally, seed germination toxicity tests with Lepidium sativum. Sorghum plants were highly tolerant to metal pollution and capable of reaching high biomass values in the presence of metals. In the first two harvests, values of shoot Cd concentrations were higher than 100 mg Cd kg⁻¹ DW, the threshold value for hyperaccumulators. Nonetheless, in the third harvest, the bioconcentration factor was 1.34 and 0.35 for Cd and Zn, respectively, well below the threshold value of 10 considered for a phytoextraction process to be feasible. In general, microbial parameters showed lower values in metal polluted than in control non-polluted soils, and higher values in planted than in control unplanted pots. As a result of the phytoextraction process, which includes both plant growth and metal phytoextraction, the functioning of the phytoremediated soil, as reflected by the values of the different microbial parameters here determined, was restored. Most importantly, although the phytoextracted soil recovered its function, it was still more phytotoxic than the control non-polluted soil.     

广州下半年负离子分布的时空特征

为研究广州市下半年空气负离子分布的时空特征,利用空气离子测量仪,在广州市选择典型的采集地,分析了空气负离子的月际变化、功能区类型、取样时段、典型环境对空气负离子浓度的影响。结果表明：（1）所测定的几种功能区空气负离子浓度大小顺序为：华南农业大学跃进南宿舍区〉广州市白云山〉华南农业大学树木园〉广州市天河区五山路;（2）月际变化：9月到11月负离子没有明显的变化,而12月负离子含量明显的减少;（3）负离子浓度最大值出现在晚上19：00～20：00,一天之内的负离子浓度变化呈早、晚较高,中午低的规律;（4）对广州几种典型环境进行测定,负离子浓度大小顺序为：近水区（林中（游憩区（道路;（5）广州市下半年负离子浓度最大值高达58 000个/cm^3,而最小值仅为1 000个/cm^3。     

野生大豆对盐碱土离子浓度的影响

以盐碱土和盆栽野生大豆为研究对象,测定土壤中N、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-、HCO3-、SO42-、CO32-和野生大豆根、茎叶、种子的氮含量,研究野生大豆对盐碱土的影响。结果表明：野生大豆能够提高盐碱土的氮含量。在花期和收获期土壤氮含量比原盐碱土分别提高了98和113%。野生大豆能够有效降低盐碱土的各种水溶性盐离子的含量和总量。在收获期土壤Na+、Cl-、HCO3-和SO42-含量比原盐碱土分别降低了94.9、85.3、47.6和95.5%;土壤可溶性盐离子总量比原盐碱土降低了90.5%。野生大豆对于盆栽盐碱土有改良作用。在收获期,野生大豆地上部分生物量很大,且在各个生长期的盐度下都能很好生长,具有绿化盐碱地的作用。     

盐胁迫下盐草和高羊茅营养器官的离子微区分布

 【目的】探讨植物耐盐性和盐胁迫下植物不同营养器官离子微区分布特性之间的关系。【方法】采用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪联用,对250 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫20 d的盐草(盐生植物)和高羊茅(甜土植物)的营养器官进行了点扫描和离子分布测定。【结果】盐胁迫下,盐草和高羊茅根组织中Na+和Cl-的相对重量都很高,但是高羊茅中柱层中的Na+和Cl-相对重量都高于盐草;和高羊茅相反,在盐草茎中,大量的Na+分布在韧皮部中,而Cl-则主要存在于木质部中;而高羊茅叶组织中Na+相对重量是盐草叶组织中2倍。【结论】盐胁迫下盐草和高羊茅根尖表皮、皮层和中柱细胞Na+和Cl-较高,而K＋含量较低,这说明盐草可通过根组织对离子的选择性吸收降低进入植物体的有害离子量,并通过离子在茎中的再次分配降低有害离子进入叶组织,从而避免对叶组织的较大离子毒害。     

原子吸收光谱法测定山东绿茶中金属元素含量的季节变化

采用原子吸收光谱法测定同一地块的春、夏、秋茶中Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn的含量,分析这些金属元素在三个季节的变化规律。结果表明,Fe、Zn、Cu在春茶中含量最高,Ca在秋茶中含量最高,而Mg的含量几乎与季节无关。