铝渣复合脱硫剂的研究

本文研究了利用炼铝过程产生的铝渣、辅以石灰、萤石作为炼铁用的新型脱硫剂，通过对可锻铸铁进行炉外脱硫的正交试验，得出其优化配方为：ＣａＯ５１％，铝渣３９％，Ｆ２１０％。精炼时熔渣碱度高、流动性好，可使可锻铸铁脱硫率达到３３．５－３７．５％。     

腐植酸矿粉钝化红沙泥中镉的效应与作用机理研究

通过室内培养实验,研究了45%WHC(饱和田间持水量)和110%WHC两种水分条件下,施用腐植酸矿粉钝化红沙泥中外源镉(10 mg Cd/kg)的效应及其作用机理。结果表明:红沙泥中外源镉经陈化后约80%以交换态镉形态存在,施用腐植酸矿粉,能有效降低红沙泥中DTPA提取镉的含量,其降幅为4.8%-25.8%,并促使土壤中对植物有效性高的交换态镉向有效性低的碳酸盐结合态镉和铁锰氧化物结合态镉的转化,其效果是随着腐植酸矿粉用量的增加而显著增强,且45%WHC水分条件下的效果更好。其作用机理是:腐植酸矿粉中含有的大量活性基团与土壤镉直接发生了各种物理或化学反应,从而降低了土壤中镉的活性;同时,施用腐植酸矿粉改变了土壤的DOC、Eh和CEC等基本性质,进而改变了土壤中镉的赋存形态。研究结果还表明,在110%WHC水分条件下,降低DTPA提取态镉含量的主要影响因子是土壤的DOC与Eh,而45%WHC水分条件下,降低DTPA提取态镉含量的主要影响因子则是土壤的CEC。     

中南有色金属冶炼场地与周边土壤重金属污染概况及稳定化修复技术研究进展

中南地区作为中国有色金属冶炼的主要聚集区,由于长期的冶炼活动,导致冶炼场地与周边土壤重金属污染严重,对当地的生态环境带来严重的风险,迫切需要治理。为了探究中南冶炼场地与周边土壤的污染特征以及目前主要有效的稳定化修复技术,笔者概述了中南地区湘鄂赣皖四省有色金属冶炼区分布和污染状况,具有污染面积大、以复合污染为主、污染途径多样、污染程度各异和重金属活性高的污染特征。从稳定化机理和材料类型两个不同的方向综述了稳定化材料的研究进展,并在高性能、可持续、谱适、绿色的复合污染稳定化材料的研究方向上提出展望,以期为中南有色金属冶炼场地与周边土壤重金属污染稳定化修复提供参考依据。     

榆林煤气化渣重金属生物有效性评价

为系统评价榆林煤气化渣重金属生物有效性,采用化学提取法和生物评价法(植物指示法和微生物评价法)进行研究。结果表明:细渣重金属的非残渣态含量均在90%以上;粗渣中镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、锌(Zn)、铊(Tl)、钒(V)和锑(Sb)的非残渣态含量约占90%,其余重金属含量较低。添加细渣培养的大豆苗茎和叶中Tl含量分别为2 189.3μg·kg~(-1)和570.1μg·kg~(-1),添加粗渣培养的大豆苗茎和叶中Tl含量分别为550.0μg·kg~(-1)和99.6μg·kg~(-1),超过了可食用植物中Tl的安全限值(0.03～0.3 mg·kg~(-1));添加煤气化渣培养的大豆苗叶中铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)、镍(Ni)和铬(Cr)的含量超过国家标准限量要求。添加细渣培养的细菌菌体重金属含量都显著高于添加粗渣的菌体,大部分细渣培养的菌体含量都比粗渣培养的高一个数量级以上。化学提取法、植物指示法和微生物评价均表明榆林煤气化细渣的重金属生物有效性更强,毒性较粗渣大,大量添加煤气化渣可以造成多种重金属在植物地上部分积累,因此煤气化渣直接用于土壤水体修复要慎重。     

SLAG EFFICACY AS A LIME AND SILICON SOURCE FOR RICE CROPS THROUGH THE BIOLOGICAL METHOD

There is little information about the best silicon (Si) sources for agricultural use, and yet some products have already been marketed as sources of this element. One of these products is slag, which is used as a source for Si and lime. This study evaluated the silicon supply availability and efficacy of different silicate slag types for rice crops. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, used Entisol Quatzipsamment soil and was set up in randomized blocks with three replications. Si source reactivity was evaluated using five metallurgic slag types and Wollastonite, which is considered a standard in Si studies. Doses of each Si source were 1000 and 2000 mg dm^?3 of Si and a control (additional treatment). Soil data [soluble Si, calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺) and pH] and rice growth and yield were recorded. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance and contrasts were made for comparisons between each slag type and the additional treatment. Averages were compared by the Scott Knott test at 5% with the statistics program SISVAR. The efficacy of the slag types in supplying Si for the plants (ESSi) and in increasing Si availability in the soil (ESiA) was determined from the values of contrast estimates. Slag E3 and Wollastonite were effective in increasing soil silicon availability and, consequently, the efficacy of supplying silicon for the plants, while the other slag types had low efficacy.     

Evaluation of Si availability in slag fertilizers by an extraction method using a cation exchange resin

A new extraction method for the evaluation of Si availability in slag fertilizers was developed based on findings on the dissolution process of the slags in paddy fields. In the method, the slags were dissolved in water with the addition of a weakly acidic cation exchange resin (H form). The effects of the slag/water ratio, the amount of resin, and temperature on the Si dissolution from the slags were examined in order to determine adequate extraction conditions. The Si dissolution from the slags was enhanced by the addition of the resin. The pH of the extractant was well controlled between 6 and 7 during the extraction. The percentage of the amount of Si extracted by traditional evaluation methods using 0.5 м HCl or an acetate buffer solution to the total amount of Si in the slags was much higher than the Si recovery rate by rice plant (Oryza sativa L. var. Nihonbare) which was measured in our previous study. Moreover, there was no correlation between these values. On the other hand, the percentage of Si extracted by the new method was in the same range as that of the Si recovery rate and a positive correlation was obtained. As a result, Si availability in the slags could be evaluated more precisely by using the method proposed here than by using the traditional methods.     

不同植物对铅锌矿废弃地矿渣抗侵蚀性的影响

以废弃铅锌矿矿渣为同一基质,选择苗期光皮桦(Betulalum in iferaH.Winkl)、醉鱼草(Buddle jalind leyanaFort.)、芦竹Arundo donaxLinn.)及五节芒〔Miscanthus floridulus(Lab.)Warb.exSchumet Laut〕进行露天盆栽试验,并以生长200d后的4种植物根系及矿渣为研究对象,分析比较了4种植物的根系特征及其对矿渣紧实度、抗冲抗蚀性的影响。结果显示,4种植物的地下生物量大小为芦竹 > 醉鱼草 > 五节芒 > 苗期光皮桦,并且芦竹的根系总量明显大于其他3种植物;4种植物对矿渣的抗蚀性和抗冲性均有明显增强效应,芦竹对矿渣抗冲抗蚀性的增强效果最明显,其中芦竹对矿渣抗蚀增强系数达0.98,对矿渣抗冲性增强值为26.63。矿渣受侵蚀减缓率与植物根系生物量成显著正相关关系。     

Reclamation of a Badarkhali hot spot of acid sulfate soil in relation to rice production by basic slag and aggregate size treatments under modified plain–ridge–ditch techniques

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted for the reclamation of a Badarkhali hot spot of acid sulfate soil manipulated by flash leaching followed by basic slag (BS) at 10 t ha^?1 (BS₁₀) and 20 t ha^?1 (BS₂₀) and aggregate sizes (A) of soil less than 20 mm (A₂₀) and less than 30 mm (A₃₀) treatments under two different techniques (Tech 1: pyrite layer at top, jarosite layer at middle and topsoil at the bottom of the ridge; Tech 2: topsoil at top, pyrite layer at middle and jarosite layer at the bottom of the ridge). Responses to two cultivars of rice (Pizam [local cultivar] and BR 14 [high yielding cultivar]) with the treatments were evaluated. The initial soil had a very low pH(H₂O) 4.0 and a high electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.4 m S^?1, and the pyrite content was 68 g kg^?1. The exchangeable Mg content of the soil was approximately twice that of Ca and the Al content was at a highly toxic level. The average soil data of all the treatments, except for the control plots (where no amendment was applied), after harvesting of rice increased by 1.1 units for soil pH and 17–524% for the contents of N, P, Ca and Mg, while the concentrations of Fe, Al, Na, Cl^? and SO₄ ^2– decreased by 30–94% compared with the initial soil. The maximum growth and yield of rice grains (4.4 t ha^?1) were obtained by the Pizam compared with the BR 14 (4.0 t ha^?1) in the A₂₀BS₂₀ treatment in the ridges of Tech 2. The lowest grain yields of 0.02 (BR 14) and 0.07 t ha^?1 (Pizam) were recorded for the control plots. The other treatments also resulted in significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved performance on rice production. The highest N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents in the shoots of BR 14 and Pizam rice were obtained under the A₂₀BS₂₀ treatment followed by the A₂₀BS₁₀ ≥ A₃₀BS₂₀ treatments. Application of A₂₀BS₂₀ under Tech 2 is the most appropriate reclamation option and the local Pizam is the most suitable rice for this soil.     

CALIBRATION OF SUGARCANE RESPONSE TO CALCIUM SILICATE ON FLORIDA HISTOSOLS

Silicon is considered a beneficial nutrient for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and yield responses to Si applications on Florida organic soils have been well documented. Growers need calibrated Si recommendations to be able to make cost-effective decisions regarding Si applications. The objective of this study was to develop a soil-test Si calibration based on yield responses to Ca silicate on Everglades Histosols. Twelve paired commercial field comparisons and three small-plot tests of Ca silicate application were conducted. Strong responses in t cane ha^?1 and t sucrose ha^?1 were determined with acetic acid-extractable soil Si <15 g m^?3, with some response to approximately 25 g m^?3. Recommendations were developed over this range with a maximum Ca silicate rate of 6.7 t ha^?1. Optimum leaf Si concentration was determined to be ≥ 6.0 g kg^?1, with 0.95 and 0.80 relative yield at 5.0 and 2.5 g kg^?1, respectively.