牛姆林自然保护区青钱柳的群落学研究

对福建省永春县牛姆林自然保护区青钱柳(Cyclocarya paliurua)天然林群落进行研究,分析其群落结构、物种多样性及群落动态。结果表明,群落垂直结构明显,可划分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和层间植物4个层次。其中乔木层又划分为3个亚层,灌木层划分为2个亚层,主要树种华南吴茱萸(Euodia austrosinensis)与梨茶(Camellia octopetala)种群的水平分布格局为聚集分布,青钱柳与狗牙锥(Castanopsis fargesii)种群呈随机分布。根据Margalef指数、Menhinick指数、Shannon-wiener指数、Mclntoch指数分析,群落的物种多样性为灌木层>乔木层>草本层>层间植物,说明群落的多样性主要是由灌木层的物种数引起的。青钱柳的种群结构属于基部窄顶部宽的倒金字塔形结构,为衰退型种群,应加强对其种质资源的保护。     

Prioritizing areas for conservation and vegetation restoration in post-agricultural landscapes: A Biosphere Reserve plan for Bioko, Equatorial Guinea

Although the conversion of natural vegetation to agriculture threatens biodiversity, post-agricultural lands may provide an opportunity to preserve biodiversity if they are allowed to regenerate. We develop a framework for incorporating abandoned agricultural fields into the design of a Biosphere Reserve using former cocoa plantations on Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, as a case study. First, we used BIOCLIM to model the potential distribution of 62 ferns, 327 monocotyledons, 749 dicotyledons, seven primates, and 104 birds on Bioko. Next, we quantitatively assessed the representation of these distributions in conservation areas proposed by the Equatoguinean administration (hereafter “EPAs”). In addition, we used an area prioritization algorithm implemented in the ResNet software package to select an initial set of sites to serve as the Biosphere Reserve’s core areas, that is, intact forest in Bioko’s montane regions. Then, to augment the beta-diversity of the Reserve, we used the area prioritization algorithm to prioritize buffer zones in lowland sites including rainforest remnants and abandoned plantations that have partially regenerated to forest. We also compared the representation of biodiversity in the EPAs to its representation in Biosphere Reserves designed with ResNet. The representation of vegetation types and species in Reserves selected by ResNet that occupy 25% of the land on Bioko is equivalent to the representation achieved by the EPAs, which would cover 42% of Bioko. To conclude, we propose a conservation plan for Bioko.     

Woodland key habitats evaluated as part of a functional reserve network

Woodland key habitats (WKHs) represent a potentially cost-efficient means to protect biodiversity in managed forests. The Forest Act of Finland defines 13 habitat types of WKHs, which enjoy legal protection. It has been argued that WKHs are too small-sized and scattered in occurrence to be actually important in the maintenance of forest biodiversity. However, from the species’ perspective, WKHs form a network together with nature reserves. We evaluated the value and role of WKHs as a part of the whole reserve network using a graph-theoretical connectivity approach in three areas (ca. 500 km² each) located in Central Finland. The networks were formed separately for different habitat types and dispersal distances (ranging from 200 m to 25 km). We compared networks with and without WKHs, and thereby quantified the contribution of WKHs to overall network connectivity. We also examined the role of WKHs in the networks based on patch importance and network centrality measures. The results showed that the connectivity contributions of WKHs are tightly linked with the dispersal abilities of threatened species: WKHs enhance habitat connectivity, especially for species with an intermediate dispersal ability. For species with a poor dispersal ability, the protection of large set-asides would be a more efficient way to increase habitat connectivity than WKHs. WKH-based conservation seems to improve the connectivity of naturally rare and scattered habitat types relatively more than common habitat types, but in sparse networks a greater dispersal ability is required to gain enhanced connectivity than in dense ones. The connectivity value of WKHs can be understood as an emergent and scale-dependent property, appearing at the level of the entire functional network. Provided that the site characteristics of WKHs can be safeguarded, they can be a valuable and efficient addition to the reserve network.     

三江源自然保护区玛珂河林区寒温性针叶林优势灌木种间联结研究

种间联结是不同物种在空间分布上的相互关联性,通常是由群落生境的差异影响了物种的分布而引起的(Greig-Smith,1983).种间联结研究在理论上有助于了解物种间的相互关系,正确认识群落的结构特征,探讨环境差异对植物群落的影响,提供了一种客观认识自然种群的方法,为物种多样性保护提供了科学依据(蒋有绪,1982;史作民,1998;彭少麟等,1999).     

青海省可可西里地区红景天资源及其药用价值

青海省可可西里地区红景天（Ｒｈｏｄｉｏｌａｔａｎｇｕｔｉｃａ）资源丰富。据调查，红景天的分布面积为１４３４１４１ｈ，资源蕴藏量为１７２．１０万ｋｇ，具有一定的开发利用价值。鉴于可可西里地区自然地理环境条件恶劣，生态系统脆弱，目前只宜进行科学研究和探索。     

Connectivity change in habitat networks

Habitat management is essential for safeguarding important flora and fauna. Further, habitat connectivity is a crucial component for maintaining biodiversity given that it is known to have implications for species persistence. However, damage to habitat due to natural and human induced hazards can alter spatial relationships between habitats, potentially impacting biodiversity. Therefore, the susceptibility of spatial relationships to patch loss and associated connectivity degradation is obviously an important factor in maintaining existing or planned habitat networks. Identifying patches vital to connectivity is critical both for effectively prioritizing protection (e.g., enhancing habitat connectivity) and establishing disaster mitigation measures (e.g., stemming the spread of habitat loss). This paper presents a methodology for characterizing connectivity associated with habitat networks. Methods for evaluating habitat network connectivity change are formalized. Examples are presented to facilitate analysis of connectivity in the management of biodiversity.

中国自然保护区现存问题探析

本文探讨了５０ａ来我国自然保护事业的发展，从单一类型的森林自然保护区发展为多种类型的过程，指出我国自然保护区存在的主要问题及应采取的对策 。     

江西水浆自然保护区蜘蛛资源的初步研究

[目的]为江西水浆自然保护区生物多样性的保护与利用提供理论依据。[方法]主要在保护区内7个点的8种典型生态类型区域中进行野外调查,采用标本采集(定点和随机法、诱捕和人工法相结合),室内饲养和活体观察,或75%酒精浸泡和鉴定分类等常规方法,从土壤、地表、树表、岩表、水表等获取样本后经分离提取,获得蜘蛛标本,最后整理、分类和鉴定。[结果]在水浆自然保护区内共采集到1 887份蜘蛛标本,经鉴定,隶属14科48属111种,其中江西新记录种17种,未确定种25种,分别占总数的15.5%和23.6%。[结论]初步确定江西水浆自然保护区蜘蛛资源丰富。     

惠特曼自然观初探——从生态批评的角度解读《自我之歌》

作为一个对时代有着极强责任感的诗人，惠特曼诗歌中所体现的生态思想不容忽略。他以大地为父，海洋为母，并自诩为天地间一颗草叶。人作为天地间的一员，与万物等同，共同构成了整个生态网络。他继承和发扬了同时代的人文生态精神，热爱自然，亲近自然，尊自然为师，并倡导卢梭”返回自然”的思想，歌颂人类的自然状态，赞美劳动人民朴实自然的天性以及他们的户外生活。     

“天人合一”的内在逻辑——“伦理法”

中国传统儒家学派中，天是客体，人是主体，人道要符合天道．价值要服从真理。但是他们认为人是宇宙的核心，只有人才能实现天道的运动、实现“天人的合一”。这是人生存的根本，是人生存具有意义的前提。因此，中国传统价值观是一种以人的道德性为核心，以内在超越为特征的人本主义的真理与价值的统一观：对人性内在完善的不懈努力，对“天人合一”的泛道德的执意追求，含有一种以善为最，以善为真的内核。通过“法自然”，依照自然中早已存在的“伦理秩序”，建立、恢复或加强人际间以伦理为中心的社会生活秩序，使人伦达到自然的和谐。从而，衍生出中国特有的伦理法。