Impact of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on soil gross nitrogen transformations in a temperate desert steppe

Nutrient addition has a significant impact on plant growth and nutrient cycling. Yet, the understanding of how the addition of nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) significantly affects soil gross N transformations and N availability in temperate desert steppes is still limited. Therefore, a ¹⁵N tracing experiment was conducted to study these processes and their underlying mechanism in a desert steppe soil that had been supplemented with N and P for 4 years in northwestern China. Soil N mineralization was increased significantly by P addition, and N and P additions significantly promoted soil autotrophic nitrification, rather than NH₄⁺-N immobilization. The addition of N promoted dissimilatory NO₃⁻ reduction to NH₄⁺, while that of P inhibited it. Soil NO₃⁻-N production was greatly increased by N added alone and by that of N and P combined, while net NH₄⁺-N production was decreased by these treatments. Soil N mineralization was primarily mediated by pH, P content or organic carbon, while soil NH₄⁺-N content regulated autotrophic nitrification mainly, and this process was mainly controlled by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria rather than archaea and comammox. NH₄⁺-N immobilization was mainly affected by functional microorganisms, the abundance of narG gene and comammox Ntsp-amoA. In conclusion, gross N transformations in the temperate desert steppe largely depended on soil inorganic N, P contents and related functional microorganisms. Soil acidification plays a more key role in N mineralization than other environmental factors or functional microorganisms.     

干旱荒漠区斧形沙芥露地人工种植关键技术

斧形沙芥是一种低糖高蛋白的绿色蔬菜,具有很高的开发利用价值和推广前景。为了有效地保护野生资源。通过开展斧形沙芥的露地人工种植试验,从种植时间、种植土壤、土壤施肥、土壤杀菌消毒、苗床整理、种子选择及处理、播种后期管理、病虫害防治、鲜叶采收和种子采收等方面系统性地总结了干旱荒漠区斧形沙芥露地人工种植关键技术。     

荒漠草原家庭牧场不同放牧管理模式下草畜能量平衡模拟研究

本研究以内蒙古乌兰察布市四子王旗家庭牧场调研数据为基础,利用ACIAR草畜平衡模型对荒漠草原家庭牧场在全年放牧和季节牧场及补饲措施的家畜需求与草地供给之间的能量平衡关系进行模拟研究,目的是了解家庭牧场的草畜平衡状态,为草地畜牧业管理提供理论依据。结果表明,划分季节牧场利用可增加家畜在冬季的实际能量摄入,减少在夏季的能量摄入;补饲可以缓解在家畜关键生长期对于能量的需求,并在不额外增加补饲量的条件下,划分季节牧场的家畜也表现出冬季实际能量摄入增加,夏季能量摄入减少。     

Floral Diversity and Distribution in the High Altitude Cold Desert of Ladakh,India

This study deals with the floral diversity and distribution patterns in plant species in relation to environmental gradients in the high altitude cold desert of Ladakh, India. An extensive literature survey and field explorations were made across the different parts of Ladakh in order to create a compilation of vascular plant species. For the quantification of vegetation, a total of eight habitat types were identified and sampled using the point intercept method. In all, 647 species of vascular plants belonging to 58 families and 243 genera were documented. Asteraceae (89 species), Poaceae (66 species), Brassicaceae (54 species), and Fabaceae (43 species) were the dominant families. Astragalus was the most dominant genus as it obtained 24 species, followed by Polygonum (18 species), Artemisia (15 species), and Potentilla (14 species). Among the habitats, riverine beds contained the highest frequency of plant species, followed by narrow gorges and tablelands. The crags and ridges had the lowest frequency of plants. Relatively high water and moisture availability may be the cause of the high frequency of plant species in riverine beds and narrow gorges. The vegetation composition was influenced by elevation; however, the intensity of change reduced at >4500-m elevation. The conservation and management of high altitude cold desert vegetation are discussed based on field observations and findings.     

新疆伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地资源特征及可持续利用对策

伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地主要分布在北疆各山地山前砂砾质冲积平原、洪积扇到前山、低山丘陵区中,在新疆各类草地中共有2个草地类、3个草地亚类、7个草地组和9个草地型,面积约600万hm2,不仅是新疆重要的春秋牧场,而且具有巨大的生态服务价值。受地质地貌、土壤及气候因素的影响,伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地发育为典型的中亚荒漠草地,每年春秋两季利用。由于人类对伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地资源经营的不合理,使其处于持续退化与草地面积持续减少的利用现状。针对利用现状和草地资源经营中的制约因素,提出了系统的可持续管理对策。     

甘肃荒漠绿洲区农用地分等研究——以河西走廊地区金塔县为例

以河西走廊地区金塔县为样区,对甘肃荒漠绿洲区农用地分等进行了研究,结果表明:金塔县农用地划分为2个自然等,从地类分布情况看,其分布规律与耕地的可灌溉情况紧密关联,全县99.45%的分等单元为自然质量较高的16等,在各乡镇均有分布;从农用地利用等别看,全县共分为3个等别(11～13等);农用地等别共分为6个,主要为4～8等,在空间分布上更趋于集中,而三合乡的水浇地由于地形平坦、土壤肥力较高,加之种植合理,成为全县等别最高的农用地,为10等。     

珍稀濒危植物裸果木群落物种多样性研究

[目的]研究甘肃金塔县裸果木群落物种多样性,为就地保护这一珍稀濒危野生植物和保护金塔县生物多样性提供科学依据。[方法]应用样方调查法对金塔县境内的裸果木群落进行调查,采用各群落植物的物种丰富度指数(R0、R1)、Simpson物种多样性指数(D)、Shannon-Weiner物种多样性指数(H’)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)分析了6个样地的群落结构和物种组成,并对致危因子和保护对策进行了探讨。[结果]裸果木群落结构较为简单,仅分布种子植物15种,隶属11科15属;区系成分简单,温带性质的属占总属数的91.67%;生活型以地上芽和地面芽植物为主(93.33%),一年生植物(6.67%)很少;裸果木群落垂直结构不明显;裸果木群落的丰富度指数(R1)、Shannon-Weiner物种多样性指数(H’)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)表现出基本一致的变化趋势;6个样地中,样地5的物种多样性程度最高,样地1次之,样地2最小,多样性程度最低。[结论]6个样地的物种多样性排序为样地5>样地1>样地3>样地4>样地6>样地2;回归分析表明多样性指数与海拔、经度和纬度之间不具有显著的相关性;裸果木群落植物多样性指数的大小受立地生境和人为活动的综合影响。     

宁夏防沙治沙及沙产业技术开发研究

针对宁夏自治区银川平原绿洲腹部沙地、中卫腾格里沙漠和盐池毛乌素沙地三种类型,进行防沙治沙及沙产业技术开发的试验研究。着重突出沙产业技术开发,坚持以经济效益促进防沙治沙生态建设的可持续发展,以提高水资源的利用率为核心,紧密结合当地的自然环境条件,以新技术、少用水、高投入、高产出为主要手段,开发沙产业,实现可持续发展的战略目标。在3个示范区按8个专题进行了研究与开发,建立试验示范区0.13万hm²、辐射推广2.67万hm²;培植杨树短轮伐期速生丰产优质纸浆用材林、鲜食葡萄为主的果品生产与加工、沙地植物资源利用为主的沙旱生植物开发与繁育、沙地设施栽培4种沙产业,申报3项专利,形成多项新技术,撰写30余篇论文及研究报告。     

基于无人机遥感与卷积神经网络的草原物种分类方法

基于无人机高光谱成像遥感系统,在400～1 000 nm波段内采集低矮、混杂生长的荒漠草原退化指示物种的高光谱图像信息。分别在退化指示物种的开花期、结实期和黄枯期进行飞行实验,飞行高度30 m,高光谱图像地面分辨率2. 3 cm。采用特征波段提取与深度学习卷积神经网络相结合的方式,提出一种荒漠草原物种水平分类的方法,结合植物物候给出了中国内蒙古中部荒漠草原物种分类的推荐时相,总体分类精度和Kappa系数平均值分别达到94%和0. 91。研究结果表明,无人机高光谱成像遥感技术及深度卷积神经网络可以较好地实现荒漠草原退化指示物种的分类,与基于径向基核函数的支持向量机、基于主成分分析的深度卷积神经网络分类法相比,基于特征波段选择的深度卷积神经网络分类法效果最好,分类精度最高。无人机搭载高光谱成像仪低空遥感和卷积神经网络法提供了一种草原物种水平分类的途径。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路防护林不同咸水滴灌下土壤有机碳与无机碳垂直分布特征

干旱半干旱荒漠区是一个潜力巨大的碳汇,荒漠植被建设则进一步加速了其固碳过程。探究咸水滴灌条件下塔克拉玛干沙漠公路防护林土壤碳垂直分布特征及其影响因素,可为干旱荒漠区人工林碳储量的估算和可持续管理提供科学依据。选择沙漠公路沿线4.82~28.40g/L的4个高矿化度地下水滴灌的人工防护林,采集并分析了0~5m各层土壤有机碳(SOC)与无机碳(SIC)含量及碳密度的垂直分布特征及其与含水量、pH和土壤电导率(EC)间的相关关系。结果表明,SOC与SIC随土层深度的增加分别呈现“减-增-减”与“增-减-增”趋势,并最终分别在2m和3m以下土层趋于稳定;浅层(0~40cm)土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)和无机碳密度(SICD)分别比流沙地增加了73%~346%和1.5%~14.0%,5m深土层SOCD、SICD和总碳密度分别增加了8.3%~28%、5.4%~58%和8.3%~29.9%,其中SICD为SOCD的13.3倍;人工林SOC分布与含水量和EC呈正相关,SIC与含水量同样呈正相关,同时SOC与SIC间相关关系为正相关。总之,荒漠人工防护林建设显著提高了SOC与SIC储量,且灌溉水矿化度、土壤含水量和EC均对SOC和SIC储量及垂直分布产生不同程度的影响。