Nitrogen mineralization in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in the southern United States

Information on temporal and spatial patterns of N mineralization is critical in designing tree-crop mixed systems that could maximize N uptake while minimizing N loss. We quantified N mineralization rates in a pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch)–cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in northwestern Florida with (non-barrier) and without tree-crop belowground interactions (barrier separating the root systems of pecan and cotton). Monthly rates of mineralization were estimated using buried bag incubations over a 15-month period. In addition, seasonal mineralization rates and cotton lint yield on soils supplied with two sources of N—inorganic fertilizer and organic poultry litter—were assessed. Results indicated that temporal variations in net NH₄ and NO₃ accumulation and mineralization rates were driven primarily by environmental factors and to a lesser degree by initial soil NH₄ and NO₃ levels. Mineralization varied by belowground interaction treatment during the initial growing season, when the non-barrier treatment exhibited a higher mineralization rate than the barrier treatment, likely due to reduced nutrient uptake by cotton in the non-barrier or a higher degree of immobilization in the barrier treatment. Mineralization during the second growing season was similar for both treatments. Source of N had no effects on N transformation in the soil. Lint yield reductions were observed in the non-barrier treatment during both years compared to the barrier treatment, likely due to interspecific competition for water. Yield differences between treatments in the second growing season were likely compounded by a diminishing pre-study fallow effect. Source of N was found to have a significant effect on cotton yield, with inorganic fertilizer resulting in 39% higher lint compared to poultry litter in the barrier treatment.     

Optimization of Farmyard Manure to Substitute Mineral Fertilizer for Sustainable Productivity and Higher Carbon Sequestration Potential and Profitability under Gardenpea-French Bean Cropping System in the Indian Himalayas

Carbon sequestration potential (CSP) and sustainability of gardenpea-french bean cropping system was assessed with farmyard manure (FYM) application vis-à-vis mineral fertilization as recommended NPK (NPK) and integrated nutrient management practices (INM) after six years’ cropping in Indian Himalayas. Application of 20 tons FYM ha^?1 provided highest CSP (0.527 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1) in soil and sustainability index. With the help of quadratic equations, it was estimated that maximum profit (optimum yield) and turn over of invested money could be achieved with application of 20.0 and 15.6 t FYM ha^?1, respectively. Application of 5.9 and 8.9 tons FYM ha^?1 would substitute NPK and INM, respectively. Pod number plant^?1 was the most important yield-contributing attribute as found from principal component analysis. Pod yield could be modelled through multiple linear equation with help of yield attributes.     

Long-term continuous cropping in the Pacific Northwest: Tillage and fertilizer effects on winter wheat, spring wheat, and spring barley production

Conventional tillage winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) (WW)–summer fallow reduces soil productivity and increases soil erosion. Conservation tillage management, together with intensive cropping may have the potential to reverse these sustainability concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems on grain yield of long-term annual cropping of monoculture WW, spring wheat (SW), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) (SB) grown with or without fertilizer, in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. In unfertilized crops, grain yield of WW, SW, and SB was 15%, 25%, and 50% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT plots, an indication of the involvement of yield limiting factors under the NT cropping system. When fertilized, there were no significant differences in grain yield of WW. Yields of SW and SB, however, remained 21% and 15% higher, respectively, in CT than in NT, an indication that factors other than fertility were involved. These results suggest that in order for NT management to be widely adopted by area growers, the yield-limiting factors need to be addressed.     

中国设施栽培系统中的养分管理

设施栽培养分管理是设施农业系统的重要组成部分,根据近年来我国设施农业在养分管理方面的研究进展,从设施栽培养分投入和土壤养分累积两个方面阐述了我国设施栽培养分管理现状,指出了由于不合理养分管理导致的设施栽培土壤盐分大量积累、营养元素间比例失调、设施蔬菜品质下降以及造成的环境污染等问题,并针对上述问题提出了加强设施栽培养分管理的一些具体对策及措施。     

强还原土壤灭菌研究进展

随着经济和技术的快速发展,以高投入高产出、高频种植等为特点的集约化种植已成为我国重要的农业生产模式。伴随集约化种植程度不断提高,作物土传病害频发,且易发生酸化、次生盐渍化、土壤板结等土地退化现象,往往造成作物连作障碍。强还原土壤灭菌方法(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)作为一种环境友好型方法,兼具杀灭土传病原菌和改善土壤理化性质、易操作和处理时间短等特点,已成功用于作物连作障碍的防治。本文根据不同作物类型及不同土传病原菌,归纳总结了RSD处理过程所采取的有机物质类型、施用量、温度条件、淹水覆膜状况及灭菌效果。     

抗病性不同大豆品种根面及根际微生物区系的变化 Ⅱ.连作大豆(重茬)根面及根际微生物区系的变化

采用平板计数法测定了两个抗根腐病连作大豆品种生育期间根面和根际微生物区系动态变化。结果表明,两个品种大豆根面细菌随生育期增加呈递减趋势,品种间无差异。合丰25(H25)的根际细菌数量随生育期呈递减趋势,绥农10号(S10)根际细菌数量从三叶期到鼓粒初期不断增加,到成熟期又急剧减少。感病品种H25根瘤重明显低于抗病品种S10。H25根面真菌和镰孢霉总数在三叶期和成熟期均高于S10,苗期是根腐病的主要发病期。总之,在连作条件下,无论抗病品种还是感病品种大豆成熟期其根面和根际细菌减少,真菌和主要病原菌(镰孢霉Fusarium)都会大量富集,表明根系分泌物对根面和根际的微生物种群有选择性地促进或抑制作用。     

我国设施农业农膜使用的环境问题刍议

农膜使用和地面覆盖技术的应用加快了我国农业现代化的步伐,增加和丰富了农产品的供给。但随着农膜的连续使用,导致大量的农膜残留,严重影响农业生产,并对农业生态环境安全和人体健康构成巨大威胁。本文总结了设施农业中农膜使用所造成的主要环境问题,剖析了这些问题的内在原因。在此基础上,针对我国设施农业中农膜使用和管理现状,分别从管理、政策、经济和技术方面提出了对策建议,以期为规范我国设施农业中农膜使用、提高设施农业环境管理效率和健康持续发展提供理论依据。     

广西旱地分带间套轮作试验示范研究

于1986～1988年,在广西六个县、市进行了旱地分带种植试验、示范,已取得了预期效果。(1)经济产量比对照高187.9kg/亩,增产44.4%;(2)纯收入比对照高108.1元/亩,增收83.7%;(3)每个工日产粮、产值比对照分别高7.6 kg、2.7元/工,增54.7%、37.0%;每元投入产粮、产值比对照分别高1.2kg、0.7元,增33.3%、41.2%; (4)产/投能量效率高31%;每投一单位辅助能,产生物能,食物能比对照分剐高400kcal、120kcal;光能利用率及光能生产率此对照分别多0.17%,0.1%;(5)土地等量比率(L.E.R)为对照的4.4倍;(6)土壤肥力比对照有所提高。     

等高植物篱模式下土壤物理性质变化与水土保持效果研究进展

等高植物篱模式就是在坡耕地上每隔4~8m的距离沿等高线将植物篱与作物种植带相间分布的一种农林复合经营模式,用于坡耕地的水土保持。已有的研究结果表明,等高植物篱技术用于坡耕地可有效地改善土壤物理性质和土壤水分状况,防治坡耕地水土流失效果显著,土壤水分的季节性再分配也有利于农作物的生长。但是该系统内植物篱和农作物相互之间的水分和养分关系有待深入研究。     

Influence of cropping intensity on the production and properties of earthworm casts in a leucaena alley cropping system

The effect of cropping intensity on surface cast production by earthworms was studied more than 4 years in an alley cropping system. The plots were cultivated to maize–cassava intercrop every year (100% cropping intensity), after 2 years of fallow (33% cropping intensity) and after 3 years of fallow (25% cropping intensity). Cast production was assessed by the continuous sampling technique proposed by Hauser and Asawalam (Z Pflanzenernahr Bodenkd 161:23–30, 1998). Results showed that cropping intensity enhanced cast production in the first year, did not affect it in the second and third years and decreased cast production in the fourth year. Amount of casts deposited within the alleys was highest under the hedgerow and decreased towards the middle of the alley. The concentrations of organic matter and plant nutrients were significantly higher in worm casts than in soil, irrespective of the cropping intensity and position of sample collection within the interrow space. Continuous cropping up to 6 years significantly reduced the concentrations of organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable calcium, potassium and magnesium in the top 0–5 cm of the soil, irrespective of the distance from the hedgerow. Regardless of the intensity of cropping, there is a strong linear association between the quantity of casts and the amount of organic carbon, and other nutrients in casts.