冬凌草提取物脱色除杂方法的研究

在进行冬凌草规模化提取研究中,提取冬凌草甲素的同时还会夹杂大量色素及油脂类杂质,严重干扰冬凌草甲素的分离纯化.作者对脱色除杂方法进行了系统研究.采用大孔吸附树脂吸附、石油醚萃取、醇提水沉、活性炭回流、活性炭超声波5种方法进行研究与比较,确定出最佳脱色除杂方法为活性炭超声波.通过正交试验,确定出活性炭超声波的最佳工艺为:用占药材干重5 %活性炭超声波提取2次,每次20 min.     

单壁碳纳米管载嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白亚单位疫苗的研制及免疫效果评价

为了筛选细菌的疫苗候选蛋白,本实验根据课题组前期的研究,挑选了2个嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白(A0KLQ6和A0KH89),以A0KHR9(OmpAII)为对照,通过比较外膜蛋白与碳纳米管载外膜蛋白通过腹腔注射与浸泡免疫模式,比较和评价斑马鱼的免疫反应与免疫保护效果。结果显示,腹腔注射组和浸泡组与普通蛋白组对比,碳纳米管载蛋白能够显著提高斑马鱼免疫相关基因表达量。腹腔注射组在5μg剂量下免疫A0KHR9、A0KLQ6和A0KH89蛋白分别获得61.60%、 65.39%和84.96%相对免疫保护率(relative immune protection rate,RPS),在5μg剂量下免疫碳纳米管载蛋白SWCNTs-A0KHR9、SWCNTsA0KLQ6和SWCNTs-A0KH89分别获得68.10%、77.50%和90.43%的RPSs。浸泡组在40 mg/L剂量下免疫A0KHR9、A0KLQ6和A0KH89蛋白分别获得30.80%、25.85%和37.80%的RPSs,在40 mg/L最高剂量下免疫碳纳米管载蛋白疫苗SWCNTs-A0KHR9、SWCNTsA0KLQ6和SWCNTs-A0KH89分别获得63.60%、73.74%和68.49%的RPSs。研究表明,铁离子限制下嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白A0KLQ6和A0KH89等能够作为抗嗜水气单胞菌的亚单位疫苗候选蛋白,而单壁碳纳米管载蛋白通过注射免疫与浸泡免疫均能显著提升免疫疗效,是一种疫苗的适宜纳米载体。以上研究为寻找高效的嗜水气单胞菌亚单位疫苗候选蛋白及佐剂提供了理论依据。     

金潮原因种铜藻外源无机碳利用特征初步研究

为揭示铜藻(Sargassum horneri)对无机碳利用的基本特性及铜藻在漂浮过程中生物量迅速累积并最终发展为金潮的生理生态学机理,以我国近海金潮原因种铜藻为研究对象,在不同pH (6.5、8.0和9.5)条件下研究了添加TRIS缓冲剂、碳酸酐酶抑制剂(AZ、EZ)和阴离子交换蛋白抑制剂(DIDS)后藻体的固碳速率、光合作用-无机碳响应曲线(P-C曲线)及pH漂移曲线。结果显示,TRIS缓冲剂对铜藻的固碳速率无显著影响(P>0.05),而3种抑制剂均显著(P<0. 05)抑制铜藻的固碳速率且抑制效率从大至小依次为DIDS> EZ>AZ。藻体的固碳速率随着外源无机碳浓度的增加而增加,并渐趋饱和。此外,藻体的最大固碳速率(V_max)随着pH的升高而降低,而半饱和常数(K_0.5)则随着pH的升高而升高,藻体的pH补偿点为9.0左右。结果表明,铜藻既可以利用海水中的CO_2也可以利用HCO_3^-进行光合作用;并且铜藻对HCO_3^-的吸收存在通过阴离子交换蛋白直接转运吸收和利用碳酸酐酶将HCO_3^-转化为CO_2后再吸收两种方式。对HCO_3^-的高效吸收利用能力可能是铜藻保证维持较高光合作用、快速积累生物量并最终演变为金潮的重要因素之一。     

Effects of different carbon sources and dietary protein levels in a biofloc system on growth performance,immune response against white spot syndrome virus infection and cathepsin L gene expression of Litopenaeus vannamei

A 5‐week study was performed to evaluate the effect of spoilage date extract (SDE) as the biofloc carbon source on Litopenaeus vannamei (5.4 ± 0.3 g) performance. The two levels of dietary protein (15% and 25% crude protein) and two carbohydrate sources (molasses‐M and SDE‐P) were tested including: M15, M25, P15 and P25. The minimum (0.2 ± 0.0 mg/L) and the maximum (0.5 ± 0.0 mg/L) of total ammonia nitrogen were observed in the P15 and M25 groups respectively. The highest protein efficiency ratio (6.1 ± 0.3) and protein productive value (112.3 ± 5.8%) were found in the P15 group (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found between biofloc treatments in the expression of cathepsin L gene in hepatopancreas (p > 0.05). The number of total haemocyte count (THC), semigranular cells (SGC) and granular cells (GC) of shrimp in SDE‐based biofloc treatments was relatively higher than those in molasses‐based biofloc treatments. Following the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge, a significant decrease in THC, SGC, GC and hyaline cell values was observed in all treatments (p = 0.001). Plasma biochemical parameters were significantly influenced by dietary protein levels, biofloc carbon sources as well as WSSV challenge test. In conclusion, SDE successfully could be used as an alternative carbon source for establishing a biofloc system in L. vannamei production.     

Biological activity and organic matter mineralization of soils amended with biowaste composts

This study aims to elucidate the significance of compost and soil characteristics for the biological activity of compost‐amended soils. Two agricultural soils (Ap horizon, loamy arable Orthic Luvisol and Ah horizon, sandy meadow Dystric Cambisol) and a humus‐free sandy mineral substrate were amended with two biowaste composts of different maturity in a controlled microcosm system for 18 months at 5 °C and 14 °C, respectively. Compost application increased the organic matter mineralization, the C_mic : C_org ratio, and the metabolic quotients significantly in all treatments. The total amount of C_org mineralized ranged from < 1 % (control plots) to 20 % (compost amended Dystric Cambisol). Incubation at 14 °C resulted in 2.7‐ to 4‐fold higher cumulative C_org mineralization compared to 5 °C. The C_mic : C_org ratios of the compost‐amended plots declined rapidly during the first 6 months and reached a similar range as the control plots at the end of the experiment. This effect may identify the compost‐derived microbial biomass as an easily degradable C source. Decreasing mineralization rates and metabolic quotients indicated a shift from a compost‐derived to a soil‐adapted microbial community. The C_org mineralization of the compost amended soils was mainly regulated by the compost maturity and the soil texture (higher activity in the sandy textured soils). The pattern of biological activity in the compost‐amended mineral substrate did not differ markedly from that of the compost‐amended agricultural soils, showing that the turnover of compost‐derived organic matter dominated the overall decay process in each soil. However, a priming effect occurring for the Dystric Cambisol indicated, that the effect of compost application may be soil specific.     

Effects of ammonium and inorganic carbon enrichment on growth and yield of a hydroponic tomato crop

Effects of varying the proportions of NO₃^— and NH₄⁺ in the growth medium on seedling growth and tomato fruit yield (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Trust F1) were investigated in greenhouse hydroponic experiments. The presence of NH₄⁺ as the sole N source (11 mM) was toxic: it curtailed growth and decreased chlorophyll content of the leaves. However, at low concentration (10 % of total N), the presence of NH₄⁺, with or without added dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), increased vegetative growth and fruit yield by ˜ 15 %, and enhanced taste/flavor of the fruits. In DIC‐enriched treatment, pH was maintained at 5.8 by addition of KHCO₃ or as CaCO₃. The presence of NH₄⁺, at 10 % of total N, inhibited NO₃^— uptake rates by ˜ 27 %. The rates of uptake of NO₃^— and NH₄⁺ were comparable (13.3 and 14.2 mmol plant^—1 d^—1, respectively, in the presence of DIC, and 14.7 and 14.0 mmol plant^—1 d^—1, respectively, in the absence of DIC), despite such a large difference in their concentrations in the nutrient feed solution. A higher proportion of NH₄⁺ (up to 50 % of total N) had no further significant effect upon early vegetative growth, but in a long‐term experiment resulted in a high incidence of blossom end‐rot (BER) disease, thereby severely curtailing fruit yield. The presence of even 1.1 mM NH₄⁺ reduced Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ accumulation in the leaves as well as in fruits.     

微波法制玉米秸秆活性炭工艺条件及性能研究

以玉米秸秆为原料、ZnCl2为活化剂、微波为能源制备活性炭,通过正交试验,获得制备玉米秸秆活性炭的最佳工艺条件。将产品应用于甲醛气体的去除,并与市售活性炭进行了性能比较。发现在甲醛浓度为1．94-1．97mg／m^3的条件下,试验产品的穿透时间（tB）为12min,比市售活性炭提高20％,且吸附速度更快。     

热解温度对生物质炭性质及其在土壤中矿化的影响

以苹果树修剪的枝条为原料,分别在300、400、500、600℃条件下热解制备生物质炭,在采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、物理化学吸附仪等手段研究其性质、结构差异的基础上,通过培养试验研究不同温度制备生物质炭的矿化特征及其对土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭的碳含量、比表面积及碱性官能团的含量增加,O、H及H/C、O/C和酸性官能团、总官能团的含量则降低,生物质炭的芳香族结构加强,稳定性升高。添加生物质炭可以增加土壤呼吸速率、微生物量碳(MBC)及可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量,且随着添加比例的增加而增加,但随着热解温度的升高而降低。生物质炭的矿化率随着热解温度升高和添加比例增加而降低。利用双库模型揭示了生物质炭对土壤活性碳库、惰性碳库及其分解速率的影响。施用生物质炭后土壤有机碳的半衰期在24.09~44.76 a之间,且随生物质炭制备温度升高而增大。考虑到生物质炭制备过程中有机碳的损失,且从提升土壤有机碳含量方面考虑,500℃为制备苹果枝条生物质炭的最佳温度。     

湖北省不同森林类型和不同地区间林下灌木层生物量和碳密度特征

通过在湖北全省内的12种森林类型中设置212块样地,采用标准木全株收获法测定林下灌木层生物量和碳密度,评估不同森林类型和不同地区间林下灌木层生物量和碳密度现状。结果表明,湖北省不同森林类型灌木层碳密度介于0.44~8.35 t·hm^-2之间,平均碳密度为2.80 t·hm^-2,最大的为天然阔叶中龄林,最小的为人工针阔混交林。从森林起源上比较,天然林灌木层生物量和碳密度明显高于人工林;从森林类型上比较,阔叶林＞针叶林＞针阔混交林;而从龄组上比较,灌木层碳密度随着林龄的增加而不断增加。不同地区间天然林灌木层碳密度除神农架林区与其他地区间均存在显著差异外,其他地区间无差异。因此灌木层生物量和碳密度只与森林起源、森林类型和林龄具有密切联系,与地区间的分布相关性不大。     

碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤中几种生物学指标的影响

通过模拟实验研究了除草剂碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤中脲酶、过氧化氢酶、呼吸作用及土壤微生物生物量碳的影响。结果表明:碘甲磺隆钠盐在田间施用量(1 mg/kg)下对土壤脲酶和微生物生物量碳的影响呈现为显著的抑制-恢复过程;对土壤过氧化氢酶的影响呈现出轻微的抑制-激活-恢复过程。碘甲磺隆钠盐施用初期对土壤呼吸作用也有一定的影响,浓度愈大,对土壤呼吸强度的抑制愈强,但随着时间的推移,逐步由抑制作用转为一定程度的激发作用,到12 d后施药土壤与对照组土壤的呼吸强度基本上趋于一致。统计分析结果表明,碘甲磺隆钠盐属于低毒或无实际危害的农药。