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991.
Water yield and sediment yield in the Teba catchment, Spain, were simulated using SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins) model. The model is composed of 198 mathematical equations. About 120 items (variables) were input for the simulation, including meteorological and climatic factors, hydrologic factors, topographic factors, parent materials, soils, vegetation, human activities, etc. The simulated results involved surface runoff, subsurface runoff, sediment, peak flow, evapotranspiration, soil water, total biomass, etc. Careful and thorough input data preparation and repeated simulation experiments are the key to get the accurate results. In this work the simulation accuracy for annual water yield prediction reached to 83.68%. 相似文献
992.
五味子的深层次综合开发研究孔四新,贾绪初,李延福(河南省济源市水土保持研究所,454650)五味子,一种盛产于我国广大山区的野果,属木兰科多年生木质藤本植物,因其果具有酸、甜、苦、辛、咸五昧故而得名,历史上多作药用。近年来,这一野生植物的营养保健价值... 相似文献
993.
994.
The impact of sowing density of small grains on rill and ephemeral gully erosion in concentrated flow zones 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Despite the fact that soil erosion by water causes considerable on-site and off-site problems, farmers in Europe are reluctant to adopt prevention and control measures when such measures require additional labour and material inputs. This paper documents the impact of multiple sowing of small grains on concentrated flow erosion rates and grain production for a winter triticale field (X Triticosecale Wittmack ex. A. Camus) in the Belgian loess belt. Multiple sowing refers to drilling more than once in zones of concentrated flow erosion in order to increase the total root mass in this zone. Multiple sowing strongly altered the morphology of erosion channels and reduced soil loss significantly. Statistical analysis confirmed that differences in channel dimensions could be explained by the seedling density. Doubling the root mass in the topsoil by multiple sowing, resulted on average in a reduction of soil loss by 42% for the whole growing season. For the winter period, soil loss reduction, mainly attributed to the triticale roots, amounted even to 53%, showing the tremendous impact of seedling roots on soil erosion by concentrated overland flow in the early stages of vegetation growth. Furthermore, total grain yield in the multiple drilled zones was not significantly smaller compared to the conventionally drilled parts of the field. Grain size of cereals was slightly smaller. The results of this case study indicate that double sowing in concentrated overland flow zones may be a viable soil erosion control technique. 相似文献
995.
Nitrous oxide, methane and ammonia emissions following slurry spreading on grassland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In Sweden, 90% of ammonia (NH3) emissions to the atmosphere originate from agriculture, predominantly from animal manure handling. It is well known that incorporation of manure into soil can reduce NH3 emissions after spreading. However, there is a risk of increased nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions caused by bacterial activity and limited oxygen availability under these conditions. A full‐scale injector was developed and evaluated in a field experiment on grassland. Cattle slurry was either injected in closed slots 5 cm below ground or band spread on the soil surface above the crop canopy at a rate of 25 t ha?1. In a control treatment, no slurry was applied. During a 5‐day period after application, NH3 emissions were measured using an equilibrium concentration method. Gas samples for estimating CH4 and N2O emissions were also collected during 7 weeks following slurry application. Injection in closed slots resulted in no detectable NH3 emissions. After band spreading, however, NH3 emissions corresponded to nearly 40% of the total ammoniacal nitrogen in the applied slurry. The injection of slurry gave rise to a broad peak of N2O emissions during the first 3 weeks after application. In total, for the measuring period, N2O emissions corresponded to 0.75 kg N ha?1. Band spreading resulted in only a very small N2O release of about 0.2 kg N ha?1 during the same period. Except for the first sampling occasion, the soil was predominantly a sink for CH4 in all the treatments. The use of the injector without slurry application reduced grass yield during unfavourable growing conditions. In conclusion, shallow injection in closed slots seems to be a promising technique to reduce negative environmental impacts from NH3 emissions with a limited release of N2O and CH4. 相似文献
996.
优I315是用高异交率优质不育系优IA为母本,与自选恢复系测315配组而成的杂交水稻早籼组合。该组合具有产量高、直链淀粉含量高(26.8%)、制种产量高等特点,可作为米粉加工型专用稻利用。该组合于2003年2月通过广西壮族自治区农作物品种审定委员会审定。文章介绍了其选育经过、特征特性及其应用技术。 相似文献
997.
基于多特征的田间杂草识别方法 总被引:2,自引:5,他引:2
该文阐述了通过利用植物的多种特征实现田间杂草的精准自动识别的方法。该方法先利用颜色特征分割土壤背景,然后利用位置和纹理特征识别行间和行内杂草,最后利用形态特征后处理误识别的作物和杂草。在实验室内利用实地采集的3~5叶期、不同作物行数的麦田图像对该方法进行了测试。作物和杂草的正确识别率最低为89%,最高为98%;处理时间最低为157 ms,最高为252 ms。试验结果表明:基于多特征的田间杂草识别方法具有较高的识别率和较快的识别速度。 相似文献
998.
Gully development in the Moldavian Plateau of Romania 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gully erosion has been recognized as an important environmental threat in the Moldavian Plateau of Eastern Romania. The main objective of this study was to define the process-based gully development by providing quantitative information from long-term field measurements in small catchments.Three main areas of monitoring gullies were explored: aerial photographs of flights in 1960 and 1970, classical leveling and repeated survey through a particular close stakes grid after 1980. The Caesium-137 technique has been used effectively in the areas of deposition of gully sediments to obtain reliable information on dating specific levels of sediments and to provide chronological measures of gully development.Most of the discontinuous gullies exhibit both proper gullying, mainly if not exclusively by gully head advance, and aggradation of the gully basin floor. Results indicated that the mean gully head retreat was 0.92 m year− 1 and the mean areal gully growth was 17.0 m2 year− 1. Both values indicate a slow erosion rate for this area. The average annual regime of gullying is pulsatory, one that is best described by great fluctuations. Conventional measurements on sedimentation over the period 1987–1997 indicate a higher rate of aggradation in the upper half of the gully floor. Information on the Caesium-137 depth profile was used to provide estimates of a mean sedimentation rate of 4.4 cm year− 1 over the period 1963–1996 and 2.5 cm year− 1 after 1986 for the short successive discontinuous gullies. A new classification of the discontinuous gullies based on two criteria, respectively, the field patterns and the rate of aggradation within the gully basin floor was established.For continuous gullies, linear gully head retreat, areal gully growth and eroded material rates were quantified for three periods (1961–1970, 1971–1980 and 1981–1990). Results indicate that gully erosion has decreased since 1960. This gullying decline is due to the rainfall distribution, and the increased influence of soil conservation practices. The mean gully head retreat of 12.5 m year− 1 between 1961–1990 was accompanied by a mean areal gully growth of 366.8 m2 year− 1 and a mean erosion rate of 4168 t year− 1. As with discontinuous gullies, continuous gullies showed pulsatory development.The critical period for gullying over 1981–1996 covers 4 months from Mid March to Mid July in an area with mean annual precipitation around 500 mm. Another main finding of this 16-year stationary monitoring was that 57% of the total gullying occurred during the cold season, with the remainder during the warm season. Of the total gully growth, 66% results from only four years (1981, 1988, 1991 and 1996), when a greater amount of precipitation fell. 相似文献
999.
1000.