Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Clarias gariepinus Dried with Solar Dryers and Solar Tents in Sokoto,Nigeria

A research was conducted to assess the effects of three different drying techniques, namely open sun drying （OSD）, solar dryers （SD） and solar tent dryers （STD）. Data on physical characteristics such as weight, total length and standard length were recorded and proximate composition of the fish sample Clarias gariepinus （Burchell, 1822） was carried out before, during and after drying to assess changes on physical characteristics and nutrient composition at different level. After drying, the samples were subjected to storage for eight weeks. The result obtained shows that there was no significant （P 〉 0.01） difference in the drying weight of the fish samples between the direct SD and the STD. However, for the total and standard length there was significant （P 〈 0.01） difference in the drying techniques, but no significant difference （P 〉 0.05） in the drying period. There was no significant （P 〉 0.05） difference on the physical parameters, storage period, proximate composition of both direct SD and STD and the drying period, respectively. Therefore, direct SD can be substituted with the STD without altering the quality of the product.     

不同有机肥及施肥量对初烤烟产质量的影响

为探讨正安烟区不同有机肥的合理施用量,将自制有机肥和商品有机肥各设300、600、900 kg/hm2 3个处理,对烤后烟叶经济性状、化学成分、香气成分、感官质量进行分析,比较不同施肥处理对烤烟产质量的影响.结果表明,自制有机肥和商品有机肥施肥量600 kg/hm2,烟叶经济性状最好;自制有机肥施肥量300～600 kg/hm2,商品有机肥施肥量600 kg/hm2,感官质量较好;自制有机肥和商品有机肥施肥量900 kg/hm2,化学成分较适宜.综合考虑两种有机肥对初烤烟主要性状的影响,兼顾有机肥施用成本,自制有机肥和商品有机肥施肥量以600 kg/hm2较合适.     

薏苡副产品对兔及猪生长性能的影响

薏苡是一种药食兼用植物,其种仁具有独特的药用功能和很高的营养价值,是常用的中草药和食品.其副产品也具有多种用途,如薏苡仁糠可饲用,也可榨取油脂,但却被忽视利用.研究薏苡仁糠饲用效果,对开辟新的饲料资源有着重要意义.试验分析了薏苡仁糠的营养成分,并进行饲喂肉猪和肉兔试验.试验结果表明,薏苡仁糠与统糠营养成分接近,可用来饲喂肉猪和内兔等.     

雷公山甜槠栲群落的物种结构与多样性特征

为了探明雷公山甜槠栲群落的物种结构与多样性特征,采用典型样地调查法,对雷公山甜槠栲群落进行观测.结果表明:1)群落内共有植物69种,隶属46科59属.其中,乔木层36种(隶属18科),灌木层43种(隶属31科),草本层树种12种(隶属11科),灌木层和乔木层重合的有22种.2)群落内植物科的分布区类型以泛热带分布最多,达34.78％;其次是北温带分布和世界广布,分别达23.91％和17.39％.总体而言,科的分布区类型热带(52.17％)成分大于温带成分(28.26％).3)群落垂直分布面,乔木层高度5～10 m的占大多数,比例达65％左右;灌木层高度值在0～1 m的树种占大多数比例,可达76％左右;草本层高度在0.1～0.2 m的树种所占比例较大,达41％,群落层次分层明显.4)群落乔木和灌木径级分布呈倒“J”形状,更新良好.5)不同群落层次的多样性指数、均匀度指数及丰富度指数均呈现出灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层的规律.     

周期性饥饿再投喂对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、生化组成和能量收支的影响

在水温为17～19℃条件下,分别以鲜杂鱼(x)和配合饲料(p)为饵料,采用一直投喂(对照组)和周期性饥饿1 d再投喂6 d(S1F6)、饥饿2 d再投喂5 d(S2F5)3种投喂方式,研究投喂不同饵料时周期性饥饿再投喂对大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus幼鱼(体质量为7.80 g±0.01 g)生长、生化组成和能量收支的影响,试验共进行42 d。结果表明:投喂配合饲料时,S1F6p和S2F5p组均具有完全补偿生长现象;投喂鲜杂鱼时,S1F6x组具完全补偿生长现象,S2F5x具部分补偿生长现象;投喂配合饲料和鲜杂鱼时,周期性饥饿再投喂处理的大菱鲆幼鱼均通过饲料转化效率和摄食率共同提高来实现其补偿生长,且各试验组的鱼体成分和对照组均无显著性差异(P>0.05);与对照组相比,试验处理组幼鱼的生长能比例均有所增加,而代谢能比例均有所减少;无论是处理组还是对照组,鲜杂鱼的投喂效果均优于配合饲料。     

青藏高原高寒草原区工程迹地面积对其恢复植物群落特征的影响

恢复工程迹地是青藏高原受损草地生态系统修复的重要内容。通过调查和计算不同工程迹地面积经历相同恢复时期后植物群落的组分,空间结构,多样性,生物量和恢复力,研究了工程迹地面积变化对青藏高原高寒草原区植物群落恢复的影响。结果表明,工程迹地上恢复植物群落的优势种和主要伴生种随着工程迹地面积减小而发生明显变化,当工程迹地面积为156 m²,草原指示性植物紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)零星出现,面积缩小至55 m²,紫花针茅已演变为主要伴生种;恢复植物群落的高度、盖度、α多样性指数和地上生物量均随工程迹地面积减小而逐渐增加,高度、α多样性指数和地上生物量在工程迹地面积为156 m²时,接近于未受干扰群落,盖度在工程迹地面积为55 m²时接近未干扰群落。β多样性指数随着工程迹地面积减小而减小,植被恢复能力随着工程迹地面积减小而增加,工程迹地面积越小,其恢复度越好。从恢复植物群落各项指标分析,筑路工程迹地历经19a能够自然恢复的适宜面积为156 m²,最高临界值为254m²。     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Alfalfa Responses to Combined Use of Lime and Limiting Nutrients on an Acidic Soil

An on-farm field experiment was conducted on an acidic soil to investigate the effects of combined use of lime and deficient nutrients on herbage yield of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Omitting lime and limiting nutrients led to elevated concentrations of aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in alfalfa leaves and stems and caused severe reductions in herbage yield of alfalfa. Combined use of lime (2 t ha^?1) and nutrients [phosphorus (P): 20 kg ha^?1, sulfur (S): 20 kg ha^?1, zinc (Zn): 4 kg ha^?1, and boron (B): 2 kg ha^?1] had the maximum increase in groundcover, root biomass, nodulation, leaf retention, leaf-to-stem ratio, herbage yield, crude protein, and nutrient composition of alfalfa. These beneficial effects were due to raised soil pH; improved calcium (Ca), P, S, Zn, and B nutrition; and reduced Al, Mn, and Fe toxicity. Aluminium and all the nutrients except copper (Cu) were more concentrated in alfalfa leaves than stems.

Aluminum concentration was about three times greater in the lower leaves than in upper leaves. Lower leaves also had much greater concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, and B compared with upper leaves. In contrast, P and Zn concentrations were greater in the upper leaves than in lower leaves. Results suggest that the combined use of lime and all the limiting nutrients may realize potential beneficial effects of alfalfa on acidic soils where more than one essential nutrient is deficient. This may increase growth potential, nitrogen contributions, and groundcover by alfalfa and reduce soil erosion and runoff.     

Investigation of Associations Between Rhizosphere Microorganisms and the Chemical Composition of Flue-Cured Tobacco Leaves Using Canonical Correlation Analysis

Canonical correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationship of rhizosphere microorganisms to common chemical components in flue-cured tobacco leaves. The results were as follows: (1) The chemical composition of the tobacco was related to the major microbial physiological groups in the rhizosphere soil. No close relationship was found with the populations of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. (2) Greater contents of total nitrogen and potassium in tobacco leaves were associated with larger populations of aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and with smaller populations of aerobic cellulose-decomposing bacteria. In addition, potassium content was also negatively correlated with nitrosobacteria counts but showed no close relationship with the potassium bacteria in the rhizosphere. The nicotine content was associated with greater populations of nitrosobacteria and nitrobacteria, and the content of water-soluble total sugar was positively correlated with the counts of nitrosobacteria.     

The infrared identification of a humo‐polysaccharide ester in soil humic acid

Abstract

Studies involving methylation, dissolution, infrared spectroscopy and gas‐liquid chromatography were conducted with humic compounds extracted from a Greenville loam and a Cecil sandy loam.

The results indicated that methylated humic acid and non‐methylated hymatomelanic acid have similar infrared characteristics, with intense C‐H absorption at 2980 ‐ 2920 cm^‐1, and strong C=0 stretching but with very weak C00^‐ stretching at 1720 and 1650 cm^‐1 respectively. Gas‐liquid chromatography yielded chromatograms, having the same number of components, appearing at similar retention times. Dissolution separated hymatomelanic acid into fraction A, with humic acid characteristics; and fraction B, a polysaccharide. This separation released the infrared carboxyl peak at 1650 cm^‐1 in fraction A.

It was concluded that hymatomelanic acid was a naturally occurring ester compound, composed of humic material in ester linkages with polysaccharide.