横断山区土壤资源可持续利用研究

在分析横断山区土壤资源特点及开发利用中存在问题的基础上,针对性地提出可持续利用途径以河谷为主,发展生态特色农业;以生态建设为重点,发展多功能林业;强化草地建设和管理,发展商品性草地牧业;加强自然保护区建设,保护生物多样性,发展生态旅游业.     

Comparison of breeding bird and vegetation communities in primary and secondary forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park

We compared breeding bird communities and vegetation characteristics at paired point locations in primary (undisturbed) and mature secondary forest (70-100 years old) sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA to understand how sites logged prior to creation of the park compare to undisturbed sites following 70 years of protection from human disturbance. We found that bird and vegetation communities are currently similar, but retain some differences in species composition. Rank abundance curves for primary and secondary forest bird communities showed very similar patterns of species dominance. Species composition was also similar on the two sites which shared 24 of the 25 most frequently recorded species. Nonetheless, comparisons of density estimates derived from distance sampling showed three bird species were more abundant on primary forest sites and that one bird species was significantly more abundant on secondary forest sites. Notably, comparisons based on raw counts (unadjusted for potential differences in detectability) produced somewhat different results. Analyses of vegetation samples for the paired sites also showed relative similarity, but with some differences between primary and secondary forests. Primary forest sites had more large trees (trees greater than 50 cm diameter at breast height) and late successional species. Primary forest sites had a denser tall shrub layer while secondary forest sites had a denser canopy layer. Nonetheless, tree species richness, basal area of live trees and number of standing snags did not differ between primary and secondary forest sites. Results indicate that breeding bird communities on sites within the park that were logged commercially 70 years ago are currently quite similar to bird communities on sites with no history of human disturbance. Similarities between the bird communities on previously disturbed and undisturbed sites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park may exceed those on more fragmented landscapes because large patches of primary forest, adjacent to commercially logged sites, remained in the park when it was established in 1935. These patches of primary forest may have served as source areas for commercially logged sites.     

中国东北山地区生态保护重要性评价——以本溪市为例

基于RS和GIS平台,应用单因子评价法和综合评价法,评价本溪市生态保护重要性,明确生态保护的重要区域,并从建设用地管制分区、交通水利建设等方面提出相应政策建议.结果表明,本溪市生态环境质量总体较好,水源涵养、防风固沙、生物多样性等功能相对完善,而土壤保持性功能需加强;由于矿产开采、建设利用等人为干扰,中心城区、本溪县东部和桓仁县西部的生态服务能力较低.     

岩溶地区开挖隧道对水资源的影响--以渝合高速公路隧道为例

中梁山位于重庆市的近郊区,是净化城区污染空气,调节主城区气候环境的重要地带。渝合高速公路隧道横穿中梁山,破坏了地下水的循环过程,引起泉水和地表水的枯竭。水源枯竭面积7.2 km2。隧洞每年渗漏水量283.9万m3,有21个泉(井)受到影响,其中17个泉(井)完全干枯,有5口堰塘全年都无水可蓄。造成4个自然村、748户居民、2 247人失去了饮用水,143 hm2耕地失去灌溉用水。     

祁连山高寒草地特点及可持续发展利用对策

祁连山高寒草地分布在高海拔、低热量的生态环境 ;植被低矮 ,组成植物多系低温生态类型 ;利用方式和改良途径有较大的一致性 ,且具有一定的生产力和经济价值 ;针对饲草产量质量下降 ,草地超载过牧 ,畜草矛盾突出、冬季缺草与人工饲草不足的矛盾等问题 ,提出了可持续发展利用的对策     

贺兰山生态系统保护中潜在问题与对策探讨

贺兰山特殊的地理位置决定了其巨大的生态作用和功能。20世纪末贺兰山突出的林牧矛盾随着西部大开发对生态建设的重视,"天然林保护工程"和"退牧还林"工程的实施得到了彻底的解决。但在气候转暖的情况下,生物多样性可持续性的保护,火险等级如何降低,沙漠向贺兰山浅山地带逼近等等一些潜在问题也不容忽视。笔者针对这些问题提出一些建议和对策,以便更好地保护好贺兰山生态系统。     

吕梁山区引种日本落叶松的苗期生长效应

通过对吕梁林区引种日本落叶松苗期生长效应的初步研究，日本落叶松苗期生长良好，越冬顺利，可作为该区很有希望的引种树种之一。     

THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND RENOVATING PLAN OF THE LOESS PLATEAU AND LIUPANSHAN MOUNTAINOUS AREA IN NINGXIA

<正> 1. The environmental quality of the Loess Plateau and Liupanshan mountainous area in Ningxia The landuse structure in the studied region was very irrational in 1970s, the propor-tions covered by farming, forestry and animal husbandry are separately 50.91%, 6.32% and33.3%. Since 1980s, the farmland has been returned back to forestry and pasture so that the     

西伯利亚落叶松树轮稳定碳同位素对气候的响应

利用采自阿尔泰山南坡东段正格采点的西伯利亚落叶松树轮样本,建立树轮宽度年表,对比宽度年表,按照树轮稳定碳同位素研究步骤,提取树轮稳定碳同位素序列（δ¹³C）和去趋势序列（DS）。分析表明：阿尔泰山南坡东部近160 a西伯利亚落叶松树轮δ¹³C变化于-22.8‰～-25.4‰,平均值为-24.0‰,变差系数-0.017。相关分析表明：正格采点树轮宽度序列对各气候要素相关不显著;树轮去趋势序列（DS）对前期气候因子的响应也不敏感;在生长季内（5~9月）,树轮去趋势序列（DS）与富蕴气象站平均气温、平均最高气温和平均相对湿度有较好的相关性,树木生长季内的平均气温、平均最高气温与树轮去趋势序列（DS）显著正相关,6~7月平均最高气温与去趋势序列（DS）相关达到0.611（P<0.000 001);与生长季内平均相对湿度呈负相关关系,其中6~7月相对湿度与去趋势序列（DS）相关最高(r=-0.493, P<0.001),与7月降水量呈负相关关系(r=-0.459, P<0.01)。生长季内的平均最高气温和相对湿度对阿尔泰山西伯利亚落叶松树轮δ¹³C的响应最为敏感,阿尔泰山西伯利亚落叶松树木碳同位素分馏的主要控制因子为6~7月的平均最高气温,降水对树轮稳定碳同位素影响不大,相对湿度对树轮稳定碳同位素没有直接影响。     

祁连山区降水气候特征分析

利用祁连山区的逐时、逐日降水资料和山丹军马场大黄沟的云杉树轮宽度资料,研究祁连山区的降水时空变化和分布特征。研究发现：海拔高度对该地区降水有较大影响,并且降水主要发生在午后和夜间;近40 a来,该地区极端降水频次出现了增加趋势,增加幅度达1.25 d/10 a。利用一元二次回归模型重建这一区域200 a以来的降水历史序列。分析表明：整体上19世纪降水比20世纪更加丰富,20世纪初降水出现了突变特征,并逐渐趋于干旱,在20世纪20、30年代曾有严重的旱灾发生,这与该时期在我国北方大范围的干旱事件相一致。