地理信息系统在林业上的应用现状及其前景

在概述地理信息系统(GIS)的概念、功能、应用领域的基础上，对GIS在林业资源管理与动态监测、林业专题图编制、森林经营与林业工程规划、森林病虫害管理、森林防火、林业地理信息系统的建立以及林业其他方面的应用现状进行了综述，并对GIS在林业中的应用前景进行了探讨，指出地理信息系统在林业上应用研究的重要性。     

基于GIS技术的耕地土壤环境质量综合评价研究——以山西省永济市为例

以山西省永济市耕地为研究区域,通过收集整理土壤环境质量样点数据,运用GIS技术建立了土壤环境质量数据库,依据国家土壤环境质量评价标准进行分析评价,获得了永济市耕地土壤环境质量评价结果.土壤面源污染水、土综合评价结果表明:18个样点中有3个为无污染,11个为轻度污染,4个为中度污染.点源污染土壤综合评价结果表明:该区主要污染物为F、Cl、Pb、Cd、As及DDT.蔬菜地样点综合评价表明:大部分蔬菜生产符合绿色食品种植要求(NY/T391-2000)和无公害食品蔬菜地种植要求(NY5010-2001);在不符合要求的样点中,超标物主要是Cd、Pb、Hg、As及DDT.该研究为进一步加强土壤环境质量管理与修复决策奠定了基础.     

基于GIS的表征水分资源气候要素的推算及空间变化特征

为了揭示水分资源的空间变化特征,满足地质勘探、地质灾害预报、设施农牧业工程、工农业基地工程的建设以及开发利用降水资源各用户的需求,利用GIS工作平台,采用傅抱璞先生提出的半经验半理论气候资源回归模拟方法,将呼伦贝尔市水分资源推算到3”×3”小网格上,建立的41个表征水分资源空间分布模型,34个通过了极显著性检验,7个通过了显著性检验。有88％的模型回代检验和83％的模型模拟检验的平均相对误差均在-5％～5％之间,从而实现了水分资源快速、准确的查算。在此基础上分析了水分资源的空间变化规律,为该地区充分合理利用水分资源提供科学依据。     

实践教学资源库的应用现状及需求调查与分析

指出了在当前“互联网+”的时代背景下,信息化技术越来越多地应用到高等职业教育中,因此,建设适应时代发展的实践教学数字化资源库显得尤为重要。对实践教学数字化资源的认知情况、现有实践教学数字化资源的使用情况、化学类课程实践教学资源库的需求进行了调查分析,明确了以学生需求为导向进行实践教学数字化资源库建设的思路,通过建立专业的实践教学资源库建设团队,强化日常监管,保障资源库的长效运行。     

基于地学信息图谱的山东省国土空间转型分析

开展国土空间转型研究对综合评估国土空间变化、探求人类活动与国土空间变化系统的耦合规律具有重要意义。以山东省为研究区,基于多期土地利用遥感监测数据,对该省国土三生空间进行分类评价,运用地学信息图谱论并结合转型理念,分析并揭示了1980—2018年国土空间时空转型特征。结果表明：山东省国土以农业生产空间为主,城镇生活空间扩张幅度显著高于农村生活空间,水域生态空间和工矿生产空间面积波动变化,其他生态空间面积持续性下降;不同时间段表现出不同的国土空间转型特点,2000—2018年比1980—2000年转型更为强烈。1980—2000年以农业生产空间转型至生活空间、生态空间转型至生产空间为主,2000—2018年则主要为生活空间与生产空间、生产空间与生态空间的交互转型;1980—2000年涨势图谱主要为工矿生产空间、农业生产空间和城镇生活空间,2000—2018年新增国土总面积为1980—2000年的3.42倍,其中农村和城镇生活空间分别增长至4.29倍和2.65倍;城镇生活空间落势图谱面积均偏低,而农村生活空间萎缩面积持续增长、生态空间迅速萎缩。     

Use of geographical information systems as a tool for predicting fish yield in tropical reservoirs: case study on Sri Lankan reservoirs

Use of geographical information systems (GIS) in inland fisheries has hitherto been essentially restricted to site evaluation for aquaculture development and assessment of limnological changes in time and space in individual water bodies. The present GIS study was conducted on the land-use pattern of the catchments of nine reservoirs in Sri Lanka, for which detailed fishery data, viz. yield, fishing intensity, landing size of major constituent species, together with selected limnological data such as conductivity and chlorophyll- a , were available. Potential statistical relationships (linear, curvilinear, exponential and second-order polynomial) of fish yield ( FY , in kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) to different land-use patterns, such as forest cover ( FC , in km²) and shrub-land ( SL , in km²), either singly, or in combination, and/or the ratio of each land type to reservoir area ( RA in km²) and reservoir capacity ( RC in km³), were explored. Highly significant relationships were evident between FY to the ratio of SL and/or FC + SL to RA and/or RC . Similarly, the above land-use types to RA and RC ratios were significantly related to limnological features of the reservoirs. The relationships of FY to various parameters obtained in this study were much better correlated than those relationships of FY to limnological and biological parameters used in yield prediction in tropical and temperate lacustrine waters previously.     

Estimating harvest costs and projecting quantities of logging residues for small-scale forestry in Nasushiobara,Tochigi Prefecture,Japan

We used GIS on a regional scale to estimate and compare supply potentials and costs of small-scale logging systems, a mini-forwarder and a 4-ton truck operated by private logging contractors, and manual logging and a light truck operated by individual forest own- ers, with the mechanized operational system of the Forest Owners＇ Asso- ciation. Total potential yields of timber and logging residues were esti- mated as 418,895 m3 and 254,962 m3, respectively. The economic bal- ances were estimated and available amounts were projected as supply potentials from profitable sub-compartments. As a result, available amounts of timber and logging residues were estimated at 375,466 m3 （89.9%） and 203,850 m3 （80.0%）, respectively. Because their transport expenses were lower than for other systems the most profitable sub-compartments were operated by private logging contractors who sold logging residues at a plant. The profitable sub-compartments operated by individual forest owners were few because the extracting distances were usually greater than 20 m. Raising logging residue prices from 3,000 yen·m-3 to 4,080 yen·m-3 or 6,800 yen·m-3, and establishing forest roads, which reduced some extracting distances to less than 20 m, increased the number and area of profitable sub＊compartments, and increased available amounts of logging residues.     

河南省生态用水的空间分异特征研究

收集河南省各县市的气象资料与土地利用、工农业生产等统计数据,利用Penman模型与河南省用水定额等方法计算出各县市的生态用水各项分量,利用GI S 等工具分析其空间变异特征。结果表明,河南省生态用水平均为82488．08×104 m3,但变异系数较大,用水量较大的地区主要集中在南部、西部山区;生态用水密度平均为59．10×104 m3/km2,其变异系数较小;生态用水量主要由生态环境需水量与水体蓄水量组成,与土地利用方式、气候条件、植被状况、国土面积等因素有关;排序分析表明,河南省生态用水大致可以分为用水量大但密度较小、用水量小但密度较大、用水量与密度均小3个区域。     

基于GIS的城市住房选址分析

分析了国内外设施选址的研究和应用现状,指出了传统选址决策方法的不足。以教育资源作为确定住房区域选址的目标,结合GIS的空间分析功能,以榆次区为例进行了研究,探讨了在不同选址方案下,选址的合理区位。     

平陆烟区烤烟砷含量的空间分布特征

为探讨山西省平陆县主要植烟区烟叶砷的分布情况,以2012年该地烟区的68份烤烟中部叶（C3F）样品为材料,检测了该地区烤烟的砷含量,借助地统计学和 GIS 结合的技术,研究了平陆烤烟砷含量的空间分布。结果表明,平陆县烤烟砷含量平均值为0·353 mg/kg,其变化趋势为由西向东先升高后缓慢降低,由南向北先迅速升高后缓慢降低;平陆县烤烟砷含量与 Exponential 模型无阶趋势效应拟合度最好,其砷含量各向异性比大于1,具有各向异性;平陆县烤烟砷含量块斑大小、形状有明显的空间差异,空间相关性强,具有明显的趋势效应。烤烟砷含量较高的地区主要分布在曹川镇北部、坡底乡中部、圣人涧镇中部、三门镇西部、张店镇西南部、杜马乡东北部地区。