湘南红壤区牧草生产的气候模型

利用湖南省祁阳县的长期气象数据，结合不同牧草的生长特性，建立了一个反映当地牧草生长状况的气候模拟模型，并据此气候模型评价了当地气候条件对牧草生产的影响，鉴定了牧草周年生长的限制性因子。根据气候模型预测出温带牧草的最佳播种时期在１０月中旬至１１月下旬，热带牧草最好在３月下旬至４月中旬播种。牧草生长气候模型还可用于指导牧草品种筛选及牧草生产管理。     

基于土地利用的三峡库区近30年生态系统服务价值时空变化特征

为了分析和探究三峡库区生态系统服务价值的时空变化特征,以Landsat TM/Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像为基础数据,运用RS和GIS技术提取了研究区1986年、1995年、2000年、2007年、2010年和2018年的土地利用数据,并运用土地利用动态指数模型和土地利用程度指数模型对其土地利用类型的变化趋势进行了分析。另一方面,核算了研究区相应年份的生态系统服务价值,并分析了其时空演变特征,同时对土地利用程度与ESV的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)1986-2018年,三峡库区耕地、林地和草地面积呈现减少的趋势;水域、建设用地和未利用地面积呈现增加的趋势;(2)不同土地利用类型的变化速度具有差异性,其中,建设用地和水域变化较快,耕地、林地、草地和未利用地变化较慢;(3)1986-2018年,三峡库区生态系统服务价值总量由1639.56亿元持续增长到1662.01亿元,整体增幅1.37%;(4)研究区ESV具有空间正向自相关性,其中高值区聚集明显,中低值区分区域相邻布局;(5)土地利用程度与ESV存在强烈的正相关关系。三峡库区近30年来的生态系统服务价值整体上有所提升,生态状况有所改善,但区域间差异较大,局部地区仍需特别关注,生态系统服务价值与土地利用之间存在着密切相关性。     

高油大豆优质高产同步旱作栽培体系的研究

为建立高油大豆优质高产同步旱作栽培体系,进行了抗(耐)旱高油高产大豆品种(系)筛选,土壤水份对高油大豆产量和油分含量的影响,蓄水保墒耕作技术研究,大豆行间覆膜栽培技术对产量的影响等单项研究及对高油高产抗旱单项栽培技术组装研究.结果如下:筛选出适宜黑龙江省大豆主产区种植的抗(耐)旱高油大豆品种黑农37、黑农41、黑农44、舍丰40、垦农4、红丰11、黑河27、合丰47;黑农41品种,任何生育时期受到干旱胁迫都会对其产量和油分含量造成负面影响,其干旱胁迫影响程度表现为:结荚-鼓粒期》鼓粒期》结荚期》花期》苗期,以结荚～鼓粒期干旱胁迫影响最大,可使单株产量下降27.1%,油分下降12.6%;秋翻秋起垄整地是较好蓄水保墒耕作技术,较春搅茬起垄有较明显增产效果,增产幅度为14.28%～16.67%;黑农44品种适宜种植密度垄上穴播为20～25万株hm-2,垄上双条播为25万株hm-2;大豆行间覆膜栽培技术在适应推广区域内是一项具有显著增产效果和推广价值的栽培技术,其增产幅度为13.55%～25.4%;提出建立高油大豆高产高油同步旱作栽培技术体系的最佳模式:以高油品种黑农44为核心,在蓄水保墒的秋翻秋起垄的耕作基础上,配之穴播 优化施肥(N7 P14 K10) 抗旱种衣剂 抗旱叶面肥 行间覆膜.     

From the drawing board to the field: an example for establishing an MPA in Penghu,Taiwan

• 1. In order to promote the establishment of the first marine protected area (MPA) in Taiwan, the conservation values of 12 reef sites in the Penghu Islands were evaluated. The results together with a 6‐year surveillance programme revealed that the Chinwan Inner Bay (CIB) possesses the best coral community in the Penghu Islands with the highest coral cover, high species diversity and habitat types, as well as a high conservation value.
• 2. Utilization of biological resources and socio‐economic factors of CIB were investigated by intensive field surveys and a complete visit‐and‐poll survey respectively. Most of the fishing at CIB is for recreational purposes and is characterized by low investment, low harvest rates, high dependence on weather conditions, and self‐consumption.
• 3. The socio‐economic data showed that there was basically no direct conflict of interests with local communities at two neighbouring villages, and most local residents indicated that they would support the MPA proposal.
• 4. A blueprint for a CIB MPA based on the results of these biological and socio‐economic investigations is proposed. Environmental threats including anchor damage and the predation of Drupella snails need to be ameliorated and monitored through the implementation of appropriate management. The involvement of local communities is key to the success of this MPA and environmental education is recommended to promote public awareness.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂东沿江平原麦棉双套条件下土壤综合培肥技术及应用效果

麦棉双套使土地长期在满负荷状况下运转,难以得到深耕与休闲。以氮素为主的传统单一施肥方法使土壤理化性质日趋恶化,肥力逐渐下降,不利于夺取麦棉双高产。通过试验,对其培肥技术进行了系统研究。结果表明:合理地施用专用复混肥和专用配合微肥,有利于土壤养分得到以平衡供应;加大生物有机肥施用量,实行小麦高留桩和直接覆盖还田,可使地力得以恢复,麦棉双套双高产。     

车用控制器局域网中网关的特性分析

控制器局域网中网关工作的好坏决定了不同的总线、模块和网络相互间通信的好坏。本文详细阐述了网关的特点和功能,并对网关在奥迪A4-B6车用控制器局域网(CAN)中的作用作了详细说明。     

基于土壤墒情模拟的农业干旱动态评估

已有的农业干旱研究中,土壤墒情的模拟与干旱程度的动态评估常常是独立进行的,二者并没有统一起来。基于此,建立了田间土壤水分平衡模型,通过作物生育期内的土壤水分模拟农业干旱过程。为了将土壤墒情模拟与农业干旱的动态评估统一起来,引入了阶段性的作物水分生产函数,通过干旱缺水对农业产量影响的定量分析,反推得出作物不同生育阶段土壤水分状况对应的干旱程度和缺水权重,从而将土壤墒情模拟与农业干旱评估结合起来,达到农业干旱动态模拟与评估的目的,为从土壤墒情状况实时动态评估农业干旱程度提供了一种便捷可行的方法。最后将提出的模型方法结合某灌区进行了应用,效果较好。     

Tomato yield, biomass accumulation, root distribution and irrigation water use efficiency on a sandy soil, as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation scheduling

Florida is the largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Production areas are typically intensively managed with high inputs of fertilizer and irrigation. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to evaluate the interaction between N-fertilizer rates and irrigation scheduling on yield, irrigation water use efficiency (iWUE) and root distribution of tomato cultivated in a plastic mulched/drip irrigated production systems. Experimental treatments included three irrigation scheduling regimes and three N-rates (176, 220 and 230 kg ha⁻¹). Irrigation treatments included were: (1) SUR (surface drip irrigation) both irrigation and fertigation line placed right underneath the plastic mulch; (2) SDI (subsurface drip irrigation) where the irrigation line was placed 0.15 m below the fertigation line which was located on top of the bed; and (3) TIME (conventional control) with irrigation and fertigation lines placed as in SUR and irrigation being applied once a day. Except for the “TIME” treatment all irrigation treatments were controlled by soil moisture sensor (SMS)-based irrigation set at 10% volumetric water content which was allotted five irrigation windows daily and bypassed events if the soil water content exceeded the established threshold. Average marketable fruit yields were 28, 56 and 79 Mg ha⁻¹ for years 1-3, respectively. The SUR treatment required 15-51% less irrigation water when compared to TIME treatments, while the reductions in irrigation water use for SDI were 7-29%. Tomato yield was 11-80% higher for the SUR and SDI treatments than TIME where as N-rate did not affect yield. Root concentration was greatest in the vicinity of the irrigation and fertigation drip lines for all irrigation treatments. At the beginning of reproductive phase about 70-75% of the total root length density (RLD) was concentrated in the 0-15 cm soil layer while 15-20% of the roots were found in the 15-30 cm layer. Corresponding RLD distribution values during the reproductive phase were 68% and 22%, respectively. Root distribution in the soil profile thus appears to be mainly driven by development stage, soil moisture and nutrient availability. It is concluded that use of SDI and SMS-based systems consistently increased tomato yields while greatly improving irrigation water use efficiency and thereby reduced both irrigation water use and potential N leaching.     

长期施肥下红壤旱地CO2、N2O排放特征

摘 要：基于中国农业科学院红壤实验站长期定位试验，采用静态箱/气相色谱法，研究红壤旱地小麦生长季节不同施肥处理(CK、NP、NPK、NPKM、1.5NPKM)下土壤CO2、N2O排放差异。结果表明，长期不同施肥处理形成不同的土壤肥力以及作物生长的差异是影响土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放的重要因素，红壤旱地小麦季土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放具有明显的季节变化特征；在小麦生长季，不同施肥处理之间土壤呼吸CO2、N2O排放通量差异显著，土壤呼吸CO2年累积排放量在8284.02 kg?ha-1～15863.48 kg?ha-1之间，N2O年累积排放量在0.37 kg?ha-1～2.04 kg?ha-1之间。各处理土壤呼吸CO2排放通量的大小变化：1.5NPKM>NPKM>NPK>CK>NP；土壤呼吸N2O平均排放通量大小顺序为1.5NPKM>NPKM>NPK>NP>CK；有机肥的施用显著增加了土壤呼吸CO2和N2O的排放(P<0.05)。土壤呼吸CO2与N2O排放分别与土壤温度和土壤水分显著相关性。