Optimizing the Nitrogen Management Strategy for Winter Wheat in the North China Plain Using Rapid Soil and Plant Nitrogen Measurements

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer with improper split-application in small-scale farming is widespread for reducing N use efficiency and polluting the environment. The objective of this study was to develop a strategy for providing winter wheat with twice-topdressing N by quickly measuring the soil and plant N status. During the period 2009–2011, a field experiment was conducted for winter wheat cultivar Zhongmai-175 in the North China Plain. The mineral N (Nmin) pool at a soil depth of 0–90 cm and topdressing N twice, as total N supply, was gradually increased from 0 to 420 kg N ha^–1 to mimic the farmers´ practices. Measurements with the Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) meter were taken on the uppermost fully expanded leaf, and the SPAD index was expressed relative to SPAD readings of sufficiently fertilized plants. Grain yield exhibited linear-plus-plateau responses to total N supply with a significant difference between years, the r² ranged from 0.73 to 0.94. With a basal N application of 30 kg ha^–1, the soil Nmin at 0–90 cm supplemented by twice-topdressing N (1:1 ratio) at Zadoks growth stage (ZGS) 22–23 in early spring and ZGS 47–52 was required at 150–165 kg N ha^–1 to achieve a maximum grain yield of 3.9–5.3 t ha^–1. The SPAD index exhibited a strong exponential response to N supply irrespective of plant growth stage and year (r² = 0.95–0.97); the value of 0.94 was critical in denoting N deficiency from sufficiency status. The N topdressing at ZGS 47–52 could be precisely modified/estimated by the equation y = 161.7–218x^5.16, where x is the SPAD index. Since SPAD readings varied significantly from year to year, our study suggests that it might be difficult to precisely manage field N for winter wheat.     

应用T-RFLP技术分析不同土壤温度和施肥方式下设施土壤细菌群落结构

采用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)和荧光定量PCR技术,研究了两种土壤温度(对照不增温,10℃±2℃;增温,20℃±2℃)和两种施肥方式(对照不施肥;鸡粪有机肥底肥+尿素追肥)对土壤细菌群落结构及其多样性和数量特征的影响。结果表明:相同施肥方式下,土壤增温增加土壤速效养分含量,尤其在施肥时增加幅度更明显。分析显示施肥对土壤细菌群落结构的影响在不同土壤温度条件下表现不同。土壤不增温条件下,施肥增加细菌Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数,Simpson优势度指数降低;土壤增温条件下,则效果相反。与不增温比,增温使土壤细菌Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数降低,但物种个体数和Simpson优势度指数增加明显。增温改变了土壤细菌群落结构,62 bp和93 bp两种限制性末端片段在土壤增温条件下优势度提高,主要包括共生菌和杆菌。     

开垦和长期施肥下青海黑钙土中腐殖质的光谱特征

自20世纪80年代,大面积的青藏高原草甸地被开垦为农田并进行了长期施肥,这可能对其土壤中长期累积的腐殖质产生重要影响,并进而影响肥力供应和土壤环境化学过程。应用紫外—可见光谱、傅里叶变换—红外光谱和平行因子分析—三维荧光光谱技术综合表征未开垦的青海草甸和开垦后不同施肥处理的油菜地中黑钙土腐殖质的光谱特征,以揭示开垦与长期施肥对腐殖质组成与来源的影响,为青藏高原草甸的农业活动管理提供理论支撑。结果表明:开垦使土壤有机质显著降低,而施肥使得土壤保肥与营养供给能力增强。长期施肥在减缓土壤有机质降低的同时会造成土壤酸化。紫外—可见光谱指出开垦后长期施肥可能导致了胡敏酸的腐殖化程度、相对分子量、芳香性和对外源依赖性的提高。富里酸在开垦后长期施肥的处理下则表现为腐殖化程度、相对分子量和芳香性均降低,而对内源依赖性提高。傅里叶变换—红外光谱指出长期施肥有利于土壤中羧酸类物质的生成。同时,长期施肥增加了土壤中作物的生物量而使土壤中的碳水化合物和脂肪族有机物大量消耗。结合平行因子分析的三维荧光光谱识别出青海黑钙土腐殖质中含有5个有机质组分,分别为:两个类胡敏酸组分、两个UVC类富里酸组分和一个水溶微生物副产物组分。开垦与长期施肥还显著影响了腐殖质的分子组成,使胡敏酸的大分子组分相对增加,小分子组分相对降低。富里酸在开垦并长期施肥的处理下,其大、小分子组成数量均增加,但小分子组成增加得更为显著。综上,建议青藏高原的农垦活动应当谨慎进行,可增加施用有机肥以减缓土壤有机质的降低,并在提高土壤腐殖质腐殖化程度的基础上扩展富里酸的来源。应当进一步研究腐殖质功能性结构对青藏高原开垦和长期施肥的响应,以探明土壤碳固定,并提出管理措施来维持青藏高原土壤中的碳平衡。     

不同施肥方式对半冬性小麦产量与肥料利用率的影响

为优化小麦施肥结构,推动化肥减量化,提高肥料利用率,通过田间试验,开展了常规施肥、测土测土配方施肥等不同施肥方式对小麦生长及肥料利用率影响试验。研究结果表明：测土配方施肥有助于提高小麦籽粒产量。测土配方施肥处理下小麦籽粒产量为7845 kg/hm2,较常规施肥处理增产3.56%。测土配方施肥提升了小麦籽粒与秸秆对氮和磷养分的吸收,与常规施肥处理相比小麦籽粒氮和磷含量分别提高5.85%、8.75%。各处理中测土配方施肥处理100kg籽粒养分吸收量中氮、磷、钾养分吸收量最大,与常规施肥处理相比小麦氮、磷、钾养分吸收量分别提高12.34%、10.95%、4.67%。测土配方施肥处理有利于提高小麦肥料利用率,与常规施肥处理相比小麦季氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别提升了3.5、2.3、6.5个百分点。     

绿色发展背景下农户施肥及其决策行为研究进展

生态振兴是"五大振兴"之一,是乡村振兴的内在要求。为了实现生态振兴,应促进农业绿色发展,在化肥施用过量的背景下采用符合绿色发展理念的施肥行为是农业绿色发展的重要举措。为此本文对相关文献进行梳理,以期为科学施肥实施及相关研究提供参考。首先总结了绿色施肥行为的内涵,即选择符合绿色发展理念的肥料,选择绿色生产技术,提高肥料利用效率和减少过量施肥带来的环境污染行为。然后系统地整理了包括计划行为理论和农户行为理论在内的绿色施肥的决策机制,并从地块特征、外部政策环境、个体和家庭特征及农户感知4个方面归纳总结了国内外有关农户绿色施肥行为决策影响因素的研究成果。并提出了研究内容及研究主体有待于进一步拓展和延伸的结论,未来关于绿色施肥的研究主要有以下两大趋势：1）研究内容将随着绿色施肥科技的进步不断拓展;2）研究的主体会聚焦于新型农业经营主体的绿色施肥行为。     

Phosphorus supply and management in vegetable production systems in China

Vegetable production systems involve high rates of chemical and organic fertilizer applications, leading to significant P accumulation in vegetable soils, as well as a decrease in P use efficiency (PUE), which is one of the key limiting factors in vegetable production. This review introduces the vegetable production systems in China and their fertilization status, and analyzes probable causes of overfertilization of vegetable fields. Poorly developed root systems and high P demand have led to the need to maintain much higher available P concentrations in the root zone for regular growth of vegetables, which might necessitate higher phosphate fertilizer input than the plants require. Research on strategies to improve vegetable PUE and the mechanisms of these strategies are summarized in this review. Increasing the P uptake by vegetables by supplying P during the critical growth stage and effectively utilizing the accumulated P by optimizing the C:P ratio in soils can substantially increase PUE. These advances will provide a basis for improving PUE and optimizing phosphate fertilizer applications in vegetable production through regulatory measures. In addition, some policies are recommended that could ensure the safety of vegetables and improve product quality. This review also aims to improve understanding of P cycling in vegetable fields and assist in the development of best practices to manage P reserves globally.     

底墒和施肥对旱地冬小麦主要特性的影响

采用裂区试验设计,以人工创造的播前不同底墒为主处理,不同施肥量为副处理,研究了陇东旱塬地区底墒和施肥对旱地冬小麦产量、水分利用效率、主要农艺性状和关键生育期光合作用的影响.结果表明,随着播前底墒的增加,旱地冬小麦的产量、水分利用效率显著增加,主要农艺性状和光合作用同步增进,其中产量、WUE、千粒重、容重在中等施肥量时达到最大值,高施肥量时有所下降,但仍高于不施肥处理.     

啤酒大麦专用肥在引大灌区的施用效果

试验结果表明,不同肥料及施量对啤酒大麦产量、蛋白质、筛选率、千粒重均有显著影响。啤酒大麦专用肥600．0kg／hm^2基施＋新动力微肥75．0kg／hm^2追施后,大麦籽粒的千粒重为50．3g、蛋白质含量为10．5％、≥2．5mm筛选率90．4％,产量8001．0kg／hm^2,比当地常规施肥增产17．27％,经济效益增加2100．0元／hm^2,其次为啤酒大麦专用肥600．0kg／hm^2＋“黑金帅”有机无机复合肥150．0kg／hm^2基施,也具较好的增产增收效果。建议在引大灌区推广以上2个施肥方案。     

江淮地区肥-稻-稻轮作制下施肥效应研究

[目的]探讨江淮地区在紫云英-早稻-晚稻轮作制条件下紫云英与无机肥料的合理配比及施肥效应。[方法]以早稻品种早籼7038和晚稻品种武运粳7号为试材,研究了江淮地区肥-稻-稻轮作制下,化肥与紫云英配施对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响。[结果]早稻试验中,化肥施用量减少30%时,早稻产量随紫云英配施量的提高而明显增加,配施22 500 kg/hm~2紫云英处理的早稻增产效果最佳,比用100%化学肥料处理的高8.2%;晚稻试验中,晚稻产量随着前茬紫云英施用量的增加而增加,以前茬配施30000 kg/hm~2紫云英处理的产量最高,且略高于完全化肥处理。[结论]增施化肥或配施紫云英致使水稻产量构成参数均有相应提高;前茬配施高量的紫云英对促进晚稻产量的效果最佳。     

廊坊市大棚蔬菜施肥现状及养分平衡研究

采用农户抽样调查和统计数据相结合的方法,对廊坊市大棚蔬菜的施肥现状及农田养分平衡进行了分析和研究,结果显示：大棚蔬菜的施肥量较高,各种蔬菜的氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）素均为盈余状态,其中氮素盈余量平均为398.0 kg/hm^2,磷素盈余量平均为613.0 kg/hm^2,钾素盈余量平均为278.0 kg/hm^2。