面向知识管理的组织信息交流模式及其控制

通过对以往经典的结构型和功能型信息交流模式的分析,力图把握信息机制。结合组织信息交流特点,提出一种体现知识管理的组织信息交流模式。     

借鉴农机合作社模式探讨内地节水滴灌技术推广应用

文章通过探讨目前在内地开展的农机合作社模式,包括其组建模式、运行管理方式及其作用和优势,提出了在内地推广应用节水滴灌技术的模式,为节水滴灌技术的大面积推广应用提供借鉴。     

Supply consequences of subsidizing thinning activities in Sweden

This paper is an attempt to measure the supply consequences of the thinning subsidy which was in operation during the cutting season 1979/80. The econometric analyses are based on a questionnaire to a sample of 2500 private non‐industrial forest owners, which was produced by the official Swedish investigation SOU 1981:81. The analyses show that it is questionable whether the subsidy did affect the total cut. The estimates of the supply increase range from an average of zero to 122 m³/owner. As a by‐product we obtain estimates of the price elasticity of the private non‐industrial forest owners supply curve. These estimates range from 0.63 to 1.69.     

中国东部暖温带刺槐花期空间格局的模拟与预测

模拟刺槐开花日期与气温之间的空间关系,对于揭示蜜源植物物候空间格局形成的生态机制和掌握养蜂生产的时宜,具有重要的科学意义.利用中国东部暖温带26个站点1986-2005年的刺槐开花始期、盛期和末期数据,建立了基于日均温的多年平均和逐年物候空间模型,模拟多年平均和逐年刺槐开花日期的空间格局,并对模型进行了空间外推检验.进而,将1986-2005年8 km×8 km分辨率的日均温格点数据代人多年平均和逐年物候空间模型,得到连续地理空间多年平均和逐年刺槐开花日期的空间格局,并尝试设计了研究区内转地放蜂的适宜路线.结果表明:中国东部暖温带1986-2005年多年平均及逐年最佳期间日均温的空间格局分别控制着多年平均和逐年刺槐开花日期的空间格局.各地多年平均刺槐开花日期的空间序列与最佳期间日均温的空间序列呈显著负相关(P＜0.001),多年平均气温—物候空间模型对刺槐开花始期、盛期和末期的方差解释量分别为87％、86％和77％,模拟的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为2.5、2.7d和4.1d.同样,各地逐年刺槐开花日期的空间序列与最佳期间日均温的空间序列均呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),逐年气温-物候空间模型对刺槐开花始期、盛期和末期的方差解释量分别介于44％-94％、57％-92％和39％-84％之间,模拟的平均RMSE分别为3.9、4.0d和5.4d.预测得到的连续地理空间多年平均刺槐开花日期呈现出自南向北、从平原向丘陵和山地逐渐推迟的空间演进特征.据此,中国东部暖温带地区转地放蜂可以沿西线、中线和东线进行,放蜂的大致持续时间可达40-50 d.此外,预测得到的连续地理空间1986-2005年期间刺槐开花始期、盛期和末期的线性趋势以提前为主,呈显著提前的面积分别占总面积的78％、26％和32％.     

减阻剂室外埋地评价环道及瞬态模型

针对减阻剂室内评价环道存在的问题,设计安装了管径159mm、长300m的室外埋地评价环道,其管径、长度、油品流速更接近于实际管道.该装置采用高压氮气作为动力源,测试段沿线布设高精度压力传感器和高频压力传感器,测试段出口设有超声波流量计,同时安装有耐压罐和常压罐.由于在环道评价试验中装置的压力不断变化,因此建立了试验过程氮气管路、油品管路、氮气罐、耐压罐的瞬态模型,使用VB语言编制了计算程序,用以计算不同粘度和初始压力下的油品流速和压力变化,雷诺数范围和试验时间,判断试验条件的可行性.     

泉州平原作物生长季和夏旱期降水量叠加预测模式及其应用

采用时间序列分析方法，对最能代表整个泉州平原降水情况的晋江气象站１９６０～１９９６ 年共３７ ａ 中３～１１ 月（作物生长季）和７～９ 月（夏旱期）２ 段时间的降水量资料进行统计，同时分析了该地区的降水量变化规律，获得了该地区上述２ 段时间的降水量模式，进而提出了防御干旱的措施，     

Annual weather variability and its influence on the population dynamics of Calanus finmarchicus

The reaction of the population of Calanus finmarchicus to relatively extreme annual cycles of weather in the North Sea was investigated by one-dimensional model simulations. A population dynamics model for C. finmarchicus was coupled with a physical and a biological upper-layer model for phosphate, phytoplankton and detritus to simulate the development of the successive stages of C. finmarchicus. Observed annual weather cycles were used to drive the physical water column model, the results of which were then input to the plankton model. The simulations yielded the temporal development of all stages of C. finmarchicus over an annual cycle in terms of numbers and weights. Compared with the results reported for 1984 by Carlotti and Radach (1996; Limnol . Oceanogr . 41: 522–539), it appears that the temporal range for the occurrence of the peak concentration of C. finmarchicus may be 2 weeks in the northern North Sea. The simulated variability is in accordance with observations. Years with more continuous primary production such as the year 1984, which was cloudy and windy during the summer, may then provide the optimum conditions with respect to producing an abundance of zooplankton during the following year.     

基于PLUS空间决策模型的城镇与农业空间协调布局优化

正确处理好农业空间与城镇空间之间的矛盾，对保障国家粮食安全、促进城镇可持续发展具有重要意义。该研究以江西省赣州市南康区为例，应用GIS技术，在耕地与建设用地适宜性评价的基础上，引入PLUS模型、凸壳模型预测城市扩张范围及类型，初步划定城镇开发边界与永久基本农田布局，并根据城市发展规律和冲突矛盾协调原则，对永久基本农田和城镇开发边界进行优化。结果表明：1）南康区综合质量高的耕地主要集中于唐江镇、镜坝镇、凤岗镇等乡镇；建设开发适宜性评价综合得分由高到低呈现出中心城区向四周乡镇圈层式扩散的分布情况，东山街道、蓉江街道的分值最高。2）PLUS模型预测至2035年南康区新增建设用地为3362.85 hm²（其中城镇建设用地2023.06 hm²），凸壳模型得出南康区扩张类型属于外延型，蓉江街道和东山街道是未来城区扩张发展的重点区域。3）以耕地国家利用等平均值为标准，将农业空间划分为保护区、储备区与一般耕地，当城镇开发边界与保护区发生空间冲突时，调整城镇开发边界，优先保护农田；当城镇开发边界与储备区、一般耕地发生空间冲突时，调出农田，保障城镇发展。研究结果可为耕地资源保护提供参考，为永久基本农田与城镇开发边界优化协调提供借鉴。     

Patterns and drivers of seasonal water sources for artificial sand-fixing plants in the northeastern Mu Us sandy land, Northwest China

Understanding plant water-use patterns is important for improving water-use efficiency and for sustainable vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid regions. However, seasonal variations in water sources and their control by different sand-fixing plants in water-limited desert ecosystems remain poorly understood. In this study, stable isotopic ratios of hydrogen (δ²H) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) in precipitation, soil water, groundwater, and xylem water were determined to document seasonal changes in water uptake by three representative plant species (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv., Amygdalus pedunculata Pall., and Salix psammophila) in the northeastern Mu Us sandy land, Northwest China. Based on the depth distribution and temporal variation of measured gravimetric soil water content (SWC), the soil water profile of the three species stands was divided into active (0.01 g g^-1 < SWC < 0.08 g g^-1, 20% < coefficient of variation (CV) < 45%), stable (0.02 g g^-1 < SWC < 0.05 g g^-1, CV < 20%), and moist (0.08 g g^-1 < SWC < 0.20 g g^-1, CV > 45%) layers. Annually, P. sylvestris, A. pedunculata, and S. psammophila obtained most water from deep (59.2% ±9.7%, moist layer and groundwater), intermediate (57.4% ±9.8%, stable and moist layers), and shallow (54.4% ±10.5%, active and stable layers) sources, respectively. Seasonally, the three plant species absorbed more than 60% of their total water uptake from the moist layer and groundwater in the early (June) dry season; then, they switched to the active and stable layers in the rainy season (July–September) for water resources (50.1%–62.5%). In the late (October–November) dry season, P. sylvestris (54.5%–66.2%) and A. pedunculata (52.9%–63.6%) mainly used water from stable and moist layers, whereas S. psammophila (52.6%–70.7%) still extracted water predominantly from active and stable layers. Variations in the soil water profile induced by seasonal fluctuations in precipitation and groundwater levels and discrepancies in plant phenology, root distribution, and water demand are the main factors affecting the seasonal water-use patterns of artificial sand-fixing plants. Our study addresses the issue of plant water uptake with knowledge of proportional source-water use and reveals important implications for future vegetation restoration and water management in the Mu Us sandy land and similar desert regions around the world.     

畜群规模的结构决策研究

结构和规模是影响草地放牧生态系统功能实现的重要因素。本文通过建立和分析畜群种群动态模型， 揭示了母畜结构参数是影响畜群规模唯一因素的一般规律：（１） 当１２ ∑ｒｉ＝ １ｂｉ ∏ｉｊ＝ １ ｑｉ，ｊ－ １ｐｉ，ｊ－ １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）（１ － （１ － ｑｉ，ｊ－ １） ｐｉ，ｊ－ １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）） ＝ １ 时， 畜群规模稳定， 基本保持不变；（２） 当１２ ∑ｒｉ＝ １ｂｉ ∏ｉｊ＝ １ ｑｉ，ｊ－ １ｐｉ，ｊ－ １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）（１ － （１ － ｑｉ，ｊ－ １） ｐｉ，ｊ － １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）） ＜ １ 时， 畜群规模呈下降趋势，最终趋近于零；（３） 当１２ ∑ｒｉ＝１ｂｉ ∏ｉｊ＝ １ ｑｉ，ｊ－ １ｐｉ，ｊ－ １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）（１ － （１ － ｑｉ ，ｊ－ １） ｐｉ，ｊ－ １ （１ － ｓｉ，ｊ－ １）） ＞ １ 时， 畜群规模随年度不断膨胀， 并最终突破系统的承载能力。