职业教育理实一体化教学模式浅析

理实一体化教学模式是工学结合人才培养模式框架下以技能型人才培养为目标、以综合职业能力培养为主线、将理论教学与实践教学有机融合的一种教学模式。实现教学场所一体化、教师队伍一体化、课程设置一体化、教材编写一体化、考核评价一体化、教学内容一体化、教学组织一体化是理实一体化教学模式成功实施的重要保证。     

不同穴播种植方式与平衡施肥对旱地春小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了不同穴播种植方式与平衡施肥对旱地春小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,4种穴播种植方式中,全膜覆土穴播种植方式有利于小麦碳水化合物的合成,增加了小麦干物质积累量,实施N、P、K平衡施肥后干物质积累量增加效果明显;该种植方式下各施肥处理比全膜小垄沟覆土穴播、全膜不覆土穴播和露地穴播小麦产量分别增加3.7%～6.7%、9.4%～10.3%、30.7%～35.4%;该种植方式下,N、P2O5和K2O的用量分别为180 kg/hm2、120 kg/hm2、90 kg/hm2时(Z0F1处理),小麦产量最高,达到4 034 kg/hm2;该方式的小麦水分利用效率明显高于露地穴播,在相同施肥水平下,前者小麦水分利用效率比后者显著提高33.7%～48.3%。表明春小麦在全膜覆土穴播栽培技术条件下,平衡施肥可显著提高小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率。     

不同留茬覆盖模式对土壤蒸发和表层土壤含水量的影响

秸秆覆盖模式可显著影响土壤蒸发量和土壤含水量。本研究根据小麦机械收获的特点,设置不同的小麦留茬高度和覆盖量,研究了不同留茬高度和覆盖量组合对冬小麦收获后土壤表层含水量和土壤蒸发量的影响。试验结果显示冬小麦留茬高度0~35 cm对表层土壤含水量和土壤蒸发影响较小,而覆盖会明显改善土壤含水量和降低土壤蒸发量。当留茬高度为0~15 cm、田间剩余秸秆覆盖量为0.348~0.470 kg/m2时,试验期间(31 d)土壤累积蒸发量较无覆盖减少了16%~51%。考虑机收特点,建议小麦留茬高度为5~15 cm,其余残留碎杆覆盖在土壤表面,以减少土壤蒸发和提高水分利用效率。     

Rationale for a natural products approach to herbicide discovery

Weeds continue to evolve resistance to all the known modes of herbicidal action, but no herbicide with a new target site has been commercialized in nearly 20 years. The so-called 'new chemistries' are simply molecules belonging to new chemical classes that have the same mechanisms of action as older herbicides (e.g. the protoporphyrinogen-oxidase-inhibiting pyrimidinedione saflufenacil or the very-long-chain fatty acid elongase targeting sulfonylisoxazoline herbicide pyroxasulfone). Therefore, the number of tools to manage weeds, and in particular those that can control herbicide-resistant weeds, is diminishing rapidly. There is an imminent need for truly innovative classes of herbicides that explore chemical spaces and interact with target sites not previously exploited by older active ingredients. This review proposes a rationale for a natural-products-centered approach to herbicide discovery that capitalizes on the structural diversity and ingenuity afforded by these biologically active compounds. The natural process of extended-throughput screening (high number of compounds tested on many potential target sites over long periods of times) that has shaped the evolution of natural products tends to generate molecules tailored to interact with specific target sites. As this review shows, there is generally little overlap between the mode of action of natural and synthetic phytotoxins, and more emphasis should be placed on applying methods that have proved beneficial to the pharmaceutical industry to solve problems in the agrochemical industry.     

Why have no new herbicide modes of action appeared in recent years?

Herbicides with new modes of action are badly needed to manage the evolution of resistance of weeds to existing herbicides. Yet no major new mode of action has been introduced to the market place for about 20 years. There are probably several reasons for this. New potential products may have remained dormant owing to concerns that glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops have reduced the market for a new herbicide. The capture of a large fraction of the herbicide market by glyphosate with GR crops led to significantly diminished herbicide discovery efforts. Some of the reduced herbicide discovery research was also due to company consolidations and the availability of more generic herbicides. Another problem might be that the best herbicide molecular target sites may have already been discovered. However, target sites that are not utilized, for which there are inhibitors that are highly effective at killing plants, suggests that this is not true. Results of modern methods of target site discovery (e.g. gene knockout methods) are mostly not public, but there is no evidence of good herbicides with new target sites coming from these approaches. In summary, there are several reasons for a long dry period for new herbicide target sites; however, the relative magnitude of each is unclear. The economic stimulus to the herbicide industry caused by the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds, especially GR weeds, may result in one or more new modes of action becoming available in the not too distant future.     

园林专业设计类课程交互式自主学习模式探讨——以园林茶室建筑设计课程教学为例

针对园林专业设计类课程的特点,以园林茶室建筑设计为例,通过交互式自主学习模式的运用,取得了较为明显的效果,主要表现在:激发了学生的学习兴趣,促进了学生综合能力的提高;激发学生的创作灵感,提高了学生设计能力;增加了学生的专业知识储备,促进了学习资源的共享等。     

天津海河园农业种质资源展示区发展模式探讨

以天津海河教育园区为研究对象,阐述了天津海河教育园区的现状及特点,从与城市边缘区协同发展的角度揭示农业种质展示区建设的重要意义,分析了建设农业种质资源展示区的基本条件及其可行性,将农业展示区划分为禾草园、津果园、中药园、景观园和科普园,以科技为支撑、以资源保护与持续利用为目的、以科普宣传和示范推广为手段,加强对适应天津地区生长和具有生态价值植物资源的引种与开发利用研究,以强科研、促发展为原则,使农业展示区在与海河园区的协调发展中发挥最大生态效益和经济效益。     

贵州江口县生态农业体系的构建

以生物与环境协同进化原理、整体性原理、限制因子原理、食物链原理、生态位原理、效率协调统一原理为指导,应用生态学、生态经济学和循环经济学系统工程方法,对全球"人与生物圈"保护区梵净山山麓下的贵州省江口县生态农业体系提出若干构建模式,确立江口县生态农业未来发展的前沿理论。     

PBL教学模式在生态园林建设人才培养中的应用

阐述了玉林师范学院园林专业采用PBL教学模式凸显生态意识的培养,提高学生综合素质,以及为绿色北部湾建设培养合格的生态园林建设人才的情况。     

不同催芽方式对烤烟成苗素质及育苗成本的影响

在黔东南州研究了不同催芽方式对烤烟成苗素质及育苗成本的影响。结果表明:与常规育苗方式相比,炉管加热空气和电热丝加热苗床的催芽方式均可以提前烤烟的出苗时间和成苗时间,提高成苗率,其中电热丝加热苗床的方式在烟苗素质和育苗成本方面均优于炉管加热空气的方式。