Large-scale experiment shows that nylon leaders reduce shark bycatch and benefit pelagic longline fishers

We assess the performance of wire leaders, which some jurisdictions have banned to reduce shark mortality from pelagic longline fishing. Experiments were conducted off northeastern Australia on commercial vessels that deployed equal numbers of wire and nylon monofilament leaders randomly along their longlines. Catch rates of several species, including sharks, were lower on nylon than on wire leaders, probably because those animals often escape by biting through the nylon leaders. High bite-off rates indicate that as many animals escape from nylon leaders as are caught on nylon leaders. The fate of escaped animals is not known, although large sharks are more likely to survive than are small animals. By contrast, catch rates of valuable bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) were higher on nylon than on wire leaders. Bigeye tuna are probably able to see wire leaders and avoid those hooks. The financial benefits of increased bigeye tuna catches outweigh the costs associated with banning wire leaders, such as increased rates of gear loss. Thus, banning wire leaders is an effective way of reducing shark catches that fishers should be keen to adopt.     

斜拉索-粘性阻尼器系统动力特性分析的模态坐标法

粘性阻尼器是抑制斜拉桥拉索振动的一种有效方式.设计拉索减振系统的一个关键步骤是确定斜拉桥-粘性阻尼器系统的等效阻尼比,因此提出了一种分析这一问题的模态坐标法.通过准确地选取第一振型的振型函数,只需50阶振型就可得到满意的效果.以一根实桥拉索的设计参数为例,应用本方法考察了各种因素对模态阻尼比的影响.     

Managing field margins for biodiversity and carbon sequestration: a Great Britain case study

Abstract. Field margins are a valuable resource in the farmed landscape, providing numerous environmental benefits. We present a preliminary analysis of the carbon mitigation potential of different field margin management options for Great Britain, calculated using data from long-term experiments and literature estimates. The carbon sequestration potential of the individual options investigated here varies from 0.1 to 2.4% of 1990 UK CO₂-C emissions, or 0.7–20% of the Quantified Emission Limitation Reduction Commitment (QELRC). The scenarios investigated covered three possible margin widths and options for the management of margins at each width (viz. grass strips, hedgerows and tree strips). Scenarios involving margin widths of 2, 6 or 20 m would require approximately 2.3, 6.7 or 21.3% of the total arable area of Great Britain, respectively. Scenarios including tree strips offered the greatest potential for carbon sequestration, since large amounts would be accumulated in above-ground biomass in addition to that in soil. We also accounted for the possible impacts of changed land management on trace gas fluxes, which indicated that any scenario involving a change from arable to grass strip, hedgerow or tree strip would significantly reduce N₂O emissions, and thus further increase carbon mitigation potential. There would also be considerable potential for including the scenarios investigated here with other strategies for the alternative management of UK arable land to identify optimal combinations. We assumed that it would take 50–100 years for soil carbon to reach a new equilibrium following a land use change. More detailed analyses need to be conducted to include environmental benefits, socioeconomic factors and the full system carbon balance.     

Bacterial community structure of nirK-bearing denitrifiers and the development of properties of soils in created mitigation wetlands

We investigated the abundance and genetic heterogeneity of bacterial nitrite reductase genes (nir) and soil structural properties in created and natural freshwater wetlands in the Virginia piedmont. Soil attributes included soil organic matter (SOM), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), pH, gravimetric soil moisture (GSM), and bulk density (D_b). A subset of soil attributes were analyzed across the sites, using euclidean cluster analysis, resulting in three soil condition (SC) groups of increasing wetland soil development (i.e., SC1 < SC2 < SC3; less to more developed or matured) as measured by accumulation of TOC, TN, the increase of GSM, and the decrease of D_b. There were no difference found in the bacterial community diversity between the groups (p = 0.4). NirK gene copies detected ranged between 3.6 × 10⁴ and 3.4 × 10⁷ copies g⁻¹ soil and were significantly higher in the most developed soil group, SC3, than in the least developed soil group, SC1. However, the gene copies were lowest in SC2 that had a significantly higher soil pH (~6.6) than the other two SC groups (~5.3). The same pattern was found in denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) on a companion study where DEA was found negatively correlated with soil pH. Gene fragments were amplified and products were screened by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis. Among 146 different T-RFs identified, fourteen were dominant and together made up more than 65% of all detected fragments. While SC groups did not relate to whole nirK communities, most soil properties that identified SC groups did significantly correlate to dominant members of the community.     

论服饰广告的审美创作

服饰广告的本体功能是促进服饰商品的销售。设计师借助美学手段进行审美创作,能巧妙地融服饰广告的经济价值于审美价值之中,从而达到吸引受众眼球,提升服饰商品的知名度、美誉度,实现销售商品的终极目的。从美学的角度对服饰广告创意的表现手法进行审视,有助于指导具体的广告创作实践,提升服饰广告的审美价值,实现美学与服饰广告的完美结合。     

芳香疗法在园林中的应用研究

介绍了芳香疗法的定义、发展过程以及国内外研究应用现状。芳香疗法具有疗效可靠、安全舒适、无毒副作用的特点。在防病疗疾、优化环境以及精神方面均有独特的功效。提出了“芳香植物专类园”、“夜花园”、“盲人植物园”、“保健绿地”等园林绿地的应用技术。     

沙芥全草总黄酮提取方法及含量测定的研究

本文采用碱提酸沉法、超声波提取法、甲醇直接提取法、乙醇提取法和热水浸提法对沙芥全草总黄酮进行了提取方法的选择,同时采用硝酸铝比色法进行了总黄酮含量的测定,结果表明:(1)各种方法的提取效率依次为:碱提酸沉法>超声波提取法>甲醇直接提取法>乙醇提取法>热水浸提法;(2)碱提酸沉法提取沙芥总黄酮的提取效率较高,其精密度好,回收率高,适合对沙芥总黄酮的提取,同时采用硝酸铝比色法对总黄酮含量进行测定,其精密度也较高,并测得沙芥全草总黄酮含量为4.8049mg/g,证明其是一种值得开发的药用植物资源。     

An AHP Assessment Of Barriers in Adopting Sustainable Forest Management Practices in The Context Of Carbon Emission Reductions in Cameroon

ABSTRACT

As the role of forests in climate change mitigation is explicitly recognized in the Paris Agreement, the need to enhance the adoption of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) practices is crucial. Therefore, this paper aims at identifying and evaluating barriers in adopting SFM practices in the context of forest carbon emission reductions. A total of 15 barriers in adopting SFM practices are listed through literature and expert inputs. Using Cameroon as a case study, the listed barriers are then evaluated by experts to determine their relative importance using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. According to our findings, the ‘Regulatory and Legislative frameworks’ barrier category was attributed to the highest importance among other categories, in adopting SFM practices in the forestry sector. ‘Inadequate political will and incentive to enforce regulations’ appears to be the major obstacle in adopting SFM practices in Cameroon. As carbon emission reduction initiatives are being developed, there is need to move from broad to concrete suggestions that will overcome these barriers. However, proper diagnosis is necessary in order to target barriers with the right incentives and enabling conditions that will support carbon programs and projects to deliver effective emission reductions.     

土壤中有机肥源抗生素抗性基因环境归趋与风险管理研究进展

抗生素抗性基因——一类新型污染物,已对人类健康和环境安全构成威胁,如何有效应对日益严峻的耐药性危机已成为一项全球性挑战。有机肥源抗生素抗性基因是土壤抗生素抗性基因的主要来源,而土壤参与并主导不同环境单元中抗生素抗性基因演化的多元交互作用,因此,有必要厘清有机肥源抗生素抗性基因在土壤和其他环境介质中的命运、归趋与风险。本文综述了近年来有机肥源抗生素抗性基因在土壤中的分布特征、环境归趋、人体暴露风险以及风险管理方面的研究进展,并提出建议与展望,以期为有效减轻抗生素抗性基因在环境中的危害,遏制抗生素抗性基因的增殖与传播提供理论依据与决策参考。