农作物秸秆厌氧发酵制沼气工程设计研究

农作物秸秆厌氧发酵制沼气是秸秆综合利用的有效途径,受到广泛关注。结合大型秸秆沼气工程实例,阐述了针对秸秆特性的农作物秸秆厌氧发酵制沼气工程特点、工艺流程、关键技术设计。     

废弃的植物培养基厌氧发酵产气潜力研究

[目的]弄清废弃植物培养基厌氧消化潜力与特性.[方法]以废弃的植物培养基为发酵原料,以沼气池底部的活性污泥为接种物,在常温条件下进行了批式厌氧消化试验,研究了废弃的植物培养基与接种污泥各处理厌氧消化的产气速率、潜力和产气量.[结果]常温条件下,混合培养基与接种污泥的TS比例为8∶1、浓度12％的处理,产气量最高,为10 391.3 ml,并且发酵天数为5d左右,发酵速度较快,产气效果最好;混合培养基与接种污泥的TS比例为6∶1、浓度8％的处理,原料产气率最高,为0.230 m3/kg,并且发酵天数为4d左右,说明原料被利用的水平高.[结论]该研究为植物组培工厂废弃物的处理和配套沼气工程的工艺设计提供了科学依据.     

沼液喷施对秋茶产量和品质的影响

为开发深度发酵沼液作为茶叶叶面肥推广和施用提供理论依据,提高茶叶产量、促进茶叶营养物质的累积,采用5种不同浓度发酵沼液对秋茶进行叶面喷施,研究其对茶叶产量和品质的影响。结果表明：与对照（清水）相比,5种不同浓度发酵沼液均在一定程度上增加茶叶产量,促进茶叶中营养物质的累积,改善茶叶品质。其中,沼液与清水容量比为1∶1．5时,试验效果最佳,发芽密度增加33．90％,百芽重增加34．35％,理论产量增加79．24％,茶多酚增加2．89％,氨基酸增加16．23％,咖啡碱增加45．80％,水浸出物增加5．52％,酚氨比降低13．76％。     

Effects of method, rate and timing of slurry application to grassland on the preference by cattle for treated and untreated areas of pasture

Two experiments were conducted in the UK to investigate preference by cattle for areas of pasture treated or untreated with dairy cow slurry. Experiment 1 examined the effects of method and rate of slurry applied to a grass pasture in March (Spring); Experiment 2 examined the effects of method and timing of slurry application after cutting for silage in June (Summer). In both experiments, beef steers grazed grassland plots that had been treated with slurry on one half only of the plots for 4 weeks. Slurry was applied by shallow injection (I), trailing shoe (T) or conventional surface broadcasting (S) techniques. In Experiment 1, slurry was applied at 40 m³ ha^?1 (HI) or 20 m³ ha^?1 (LO) 21 d before grazing commenced; in Experiment 2, slurry was applied at 20 m³ ha^?1 either 32 d (E) or 10 d (L) before grazing commenced. Sward height was measured and animal behaviour was recorded during 8 × 24 h measurement periods in each experiment. Preference for slurry‐treated or untreated swards was indicated by a comparison of post‐grazing sward height on each sward and the proportion of total grazing time spent on the slurry‐treated swards. In Experiment 1, a smaller proportion of grazing time was spent on slurry‐treated areas of swards compared with untreated areas of swards on all treatments, but the proportion of time spent grazing the slurry‐treated sward was greater on method T than on methods I or S (0·28, 0·31 and 0·39 for methods S, I and T, respectively, s.e.d. = 0·035, P < 0·05). Steers showed no preference between slurry‐treated and untreated swards by 49, 45 and 44 d after slurry application for methods S, I and T respectively. Differences between HI and LO were not significant (P > 0·05). In Experiment 2, aversion to slurry‐treated swards compared with untreated swards was less for treatment E than for L, with a greater proportion of both residence and grazing time spent on the slurry‐treated sward of treatment E than L (0·43 and 0·28, respectively, for residence time, s.e.d. = 0·025, P < 0·001, and 0·47 and 0·30, respectively, for grazing time, s.e.d. = 0·021, P < 0·001). Significant differences were shown between the methods of slurry application for treatment E, with a greater proportion of grazing time spent on the slurry‐treated swards of methods I and T than method S (0·40, 0·52 and 0·49 for S, I and T, respectively, s.e.d. = 0·032, P < 0·001), and a greater difference between post‐grazing heights on slurry‐treated and untreated swards for method S than for I or T (30, 12 and 15 mm, respectively, s.e.d. = 4·8, P < 0·001). For treatment L, differences in the proportion of time spent grazing on slurry‐treated swards compared with untreated swards were not significant between treatments (0·26, 0·34 and 0·31 for methods S, I and T, respectively, s.e.d. = 0·040, P > 0·05) and indifference between slurry‐treated and untreated swards was achieved 77, 60 and 58 d after slurry spreading for methods S, I and T respectively. These results show that, when slurry is applied to pasture in a grazing rotation, the adverse effects on grazing behaviour associated with conventional surface broadcasting may be overcome by the use of novel slurry application techniques.     

沼液施用对潮土氧化亚氮排放通量的影响

通过对潮土养猪沼液施加试验,采用静态箱．气相色谱法于2010年7月（夏季）、2011年3月（冬末春初）观测了不施沼液、正常施沼液及大量施沼液等3种处理的土壤氧化亚氮（N20）排放通量,研究其排放特征与影响因素。研究结果表明：①沼液施用显著提高了氧化亚氮平均排放通量（P〈0．001）,不同沼液处理（不施沼液、正常施沼液、大量施沼液）排放通量范围分别为11-25～68147μg·m-2·h-1,20．13～244．35μg·m-2·h-1,40．09～618．43μg·m-2·h-1;②土壤氧化亚氮排放通量除受沼液施加水平影响外,还随着土壤温度的提高而增加：③土壤氧化亚氮排放通量与土壤水分呈极显著相关（P〈0．001）．与土壤硝态氮质量分数显著相关（P〈0．05）;④以相同施氮量计,沼液施加引起的氧化亚氮排放速率远高于尿素或者硫胺等氮肥。图3表1参22     

水平定向钻回拖载荷预测模型

从弹性力学与非牛顿流体力学的角度出发,研究了与回拖载荷相关的变量,着重分析了回拖阻力的3个组成部分(管道质量及其引起的管土摩擦力、弯曲段阻力效应引起的阻力与泥浆拖曳阻力)的计算方法,三者求和并根据静力平衡条件可得回拖载荷。3项阻力在回拖载荷中均占有较高的贡献权重,且贡献权重在回拖过程中呈现动态变化。泥浆拖曳阻力是回拖阻力的重要组成部分,将其纳入可更准确地预测回拖载荷的动态特性。根据搜集的HDD安装试验数据,对预测模型进行实例验证,预测结果与试验数据之间良好的一致性表明所提方法的正确性。     

沼液在养猪生产上的应用研究进展

为给沼液在养猪生产上的科学应用和深入研究提供参考,对沼液喂猪的增重效果、防病虫效果及其对猪肉品质的影响进行了综述,并介绍了沼液喂猪的技术要点。同时,从加强沼液喂猪对肉质、重金属残留和迁移规律的影响和沼液喂猪的最佳组合等方面提出了今后的研究方向。     

浮萍净化与资源化利用沼液初步研究

[目的]初步研究浮萍净化和资源化利用沼液的可行性。[方法]以紫背浮萍和青萍为研究对象,在不同稀释倍数的沼液中培养,研究浮萍对沼液中氮、磷和COD的净化去除能力和沼液浓度对其生长的影响。[结果]紫背浮萍在稀释10倍的沼液中、青萍在稀释15倍的沼液中生长及对氮、磷的净化效果最好。紫背浮萍在稀释20倍的沼液中、青萍在稀释15倍的沼液中生长及对COD的净化效果最好。此外,浮萍能够有效抑制藻类的生长。[结论]该研究为浮萍净化沼液同时生产鱼类饵料等实现资源化利用提供科学依据。     

沼液利用现状和潜在风险分析

阐述了沼液的特性与利用现状,深入分析了沼液利用存在的潜在安全风险,并对沼液的安全利用提出了建议。     

沼液对美国香豌豆生长发育的影响

为克服美国香豌豆的自身缺点,提高其繁殖率和繁殖速度。采用不同体积分数的沼液对美国香豌豆进行浸种和扦插施肥的对比试验。结果表明,对美国香豌豆采用φ=70%的沼液浸种时,其发芽势、发芽率分别达到63%、72%,根长、茎长和单株芽质量分别达到4.7cm、8.8cm和0.13g,均极显著(P<0.01)高于其他处理。对美国香豌豆采用φ=70%的沼液扦插施肥时,其生根率、根长分别达到78%、22cm,与其他处理间均存在极显著(P<0.01)差异;采用φ=80%的沼液时,其根表面积、根体积分别达到9.6cm2、0.17cm3,均极显著(P<0.01)高于其他处理;不同沼液体积分数之间,地上部分的新梢高差异极显著(P<0.01),以φ=70%沼液为好,而新叶数差异显著(P<0.05)。