川产道地中药材川芎根茎对土壤重金属元素的吸收富集特征

[目的]为川芎的可持续发展及无公害栽培提供依据。[方法]以四川彭州道地中药材川芎种植区为研究区域,从地球化学角度研究川芎根茎对土壤重金属元素的吸收富集特征。[结果]研究区土壤Hg含量符合国家土壤环境质量二级标准,Pb、Cd、Cr、As元素含量符合国家土壤环境质量一级标准。川芎根茎中Cd、Hg元素含量超出GAP药用植物标准;Cd出现低背景高富集,Hg出现高背景高富集。川芎根茎中的Hg、Pb、Cr元素含量与土壤中重金属Hg、Pb、Cr元素含量相关关系显著,Cd、As元素含量与土壤中重金属Cd、As元素含量相关关系不明显。川芎根茎对土壤中重金属元素的富集能力差异显著,呈现出Cd>Hg>Pb>As>Cr的变化趋势。[结论]川芎的种植地应严格控制土壤重金属Cd、Hg、Pb元素的污染。     

糙米与水稻植株中镉含量的关系

[目的]研究糙米中重金属镉含量与水稻植株中镉积累的关系。[方法]以6个水稻品种为试材,设置5个土壤镉浓度处理的盆栽试验,对水稻糙米中重金属镉的积累与水稻植株间的相关性进行了研究。[结果]水稻糙米与水稻植株分蘖期的重金属镉含量的相关系数没有达到显著相关;出穗期,只有水稻茎秆中的镉含量与糙米的相关系数为显著相关;在水稻的成熟期,水稻糙米与水稻植株镉含量的相关系数在土壤镉含量较低时都为显著相关,而在较高浓度时,只有水稻的茎秆与糙米镉含量的相关系数达到显著相关。[结论]水稻糙米中的镉含量只与水稻植株中的茎秆的镉含量有关联。选择茎镉含量低的水稻品种,可得到糙米对重金属镉低积累的水稻品种。     

Fruiting position during development of ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin affects the concentration of K,Mg and Ca in the flavedo

Adequate K, Mg and Ca supply is important to develop well-structured and functional cell walls and membranes in fruit, and insufficient levels or imbalances of these minerals are known to be involved in various postharvest disorders. Microclimatic variation exists in the ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin tree canopy and results in lower photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels and temperature as well as a higher humidity inside the tree canopy. The aim of this experiment was to determine the impact of this variation in microclimate on accumulation patterns of K, Ca and Mg in the flavedo of the fruit rind during stages II and III of fruit development. Fruit mass, dimensions, rind colour development and mineral composition of the flavedo were measured to describe the condition of fruit borne on the outside and inside of the tree's canopy. The data revealed that canopy position influenced mineral nutrient accumulation patterns in the flavedo. Outside fruit flavedo accumulated significantly higher concentrations of Ca and Mg in all three seasons (2005–2007). In contrast, inside fruit flavedo (shaded fruit) accumulated significantly higher levels of K compared with outside fruit flavedo. The accumulation of K and Ca differed from that of kiwifruit and apple in that Ca concentration increased and K decreased towards maturity. These results suggest that xylem, as in citrus leaves, is the main vasculature supply conduit to the citrus fruit flavedo for mineral nutrients. The reduction of transpiration potential by lower temperatures and higher humidity inside the canopy could be responsible for the reduced accumulation of Ca and Mg. The high K concentration of inside fruit flavedo is suggested to be a stress response, due to the low light levels, to maintain osmotic potential in the shaded rind tissue, and this imbalance could possibly lead to a reduction in rind condition, which manifests through rind breakdown symptom development.     

蔬菜对重金属元素的吸收和积累研究进展

就蔬菜对有毒重金属元素的吸收和积累、土壤因子对蔬菜重金属污染的影响等方面的最新研究进展进行了综述,同时对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

用δ~(13)C法研究黑土添加有机物料后有机碳的变化规律

通过室内短期培养实验,利用δ13C的方法研究了外源有机物料分解过程中黑土有机碳的变化规律。结果表明:黑土中添加有机物料后,土壤有机碳的数量明显增加。在有机物料分解过程中,随着培养时间的延长,土壤有机碳的总量在逐渐下降,总的变化趋势是先快后慢,渐趋平缓,到培养结束(30天),有机物料在土壤中净残留率小于50%。黑土有机碳的δ13C值受进入土壤中有机物料的种类所影响,从数量上土壤有机碳的δ13C值可以反映土壤中不同来源有机碳的变化。在小麦秸秆分解过程中,新进入黑土中的有机碳转化较快,而土壤中固有的有机碳转化较慢,添加有机物料可以增加土壤中有机碳的固定。     

高Co2浓度与土壤干旱对植物体内硫积累及分配的影响研究

人工模拟大气CO2 浓度倍增和土壤干旱对植物体内S含量积累及分配的影响研究结果表明 ,高CO2 浓度和土壤干旱均使冬小麦不同部位含S量增加 ,而使大豆籽粒中S含量减少 ;干旱虽使小麦籽粒S含量增加 ,但却使小麦籽粒减产幅度大于S含量增幅。干旱对大豆的影响大于小麦 ,干旱减少大豆S含量 ,且降低大豆产量。高CO2 浓度和土壤干旱对毛乌素 3种牧草优势种茎和叶S含量的影响较复杂 ,但干旱使茎和叶生物量降幅远大于S含量变化。高CO2 浓度和土壤干旱使植物固定S总量下降 ,表现为负效应。     

Dynamics of arsenic-containing compounds sorption on sediments

Background  River and lake sediments constitute complex and difficult analytical samples. On the other hand, sediments play a fundamental role in the distribution of toxic compounds in aquatic systems and in the evaluation of the current state and the course of changes taking place in the environment. Among elements present in the environment in trace concentrations, but having well-elaborated toxic properties, one of most dangerous is arsenic. The element occurs in the environment in several chemical forms, predominant are inorganic forms of As(V) and As(III), and methylated forms such as monomethylarsonic acid (MMAA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA). Objectives  Reported herein are experiments, which were undertaken with the aim of examining the dynamics of arsenic sorption in sediments and its dependence on speciation of the element and the pH in the environment. Simultaneously, influence of organic matter content and chemical composition of the sediments on As sorption, were investigated. Methods  Sediment samples (upper 10 cm layer) were collected from three sites located in the vicinity of Cracow:

粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土对麦田重金属元素分布影响的研究

采用盆栽试验方法 ,研究了粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土的改良效果及Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg和As等重金属元素在小麦各部位的积累与分布。结果表明 :粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土可以降低土壤容重、比重及土壤粘粒含量 ,增加孔隙和土壤渗透系数。被吸收的重金属元素主要分布在根系中 ,其次是叶片 ,在茎杆、叶鞘及籽粒中的分布极少。根系对Cd和As具有富集作用 ;籽粒中Cd、Cr、Pb、As随用灰量的增加而增加 ,Hg则减少 ,但在 3 6× 10 4kg/hm2 的用灰量范围内 ,5种重金属元素在籽粒及土壤中的含量均在安全标准之内     

郑州市夏玉米生物量积累与增长分配规律分析

根据郑州市1994—2006年夏玉米生物量观测资料分析了不同生育期单株各器官的生物量变化和增长分配规律，得出：在玉米整个生长期，单株各器官的重量变化在不同生育阶段不同，结果导致各部分干重占全株干重百分比的差异。总体上看，拔节前叶片增长较快，占比率最高，达68％～88％；叶鞘增长也快但所占比例一直不大，最高时占20％；茎在拔节一抽雄期增长较快，最高时占41％；果穗在抽雄后直线增长，最高时占63％。同时，通过定量分析得到了各器官在整个生育期增长分配率的变化过程，模拟取得不同气候年型生物量积累曲线，研究结果可为当地玉米生长的定量化模拟提供参考。     

不同氮肥基追比对机采棉光合物质生产及产量的影响

通过研究不同氮肥基追比水平对机采棉光合物质生产及产量的影响,筛选新疆机采棉适宜氮肥基追比例,为机采棉合理施用氮肥及高产提供理论依据。以适宜机采的棉花品种‘新陆中47号’为试验材料,总施氮量相同,比较分析5种不同基肥与追肥比处理(基追比0∶100、10∶90、20∶80、30∶70、40∶60)对机采棉净光合特性、干物质积累与分配及产量的影响。结果表明,在氮肥总量相同的情况下,基追比为20∶80的处理,棉花叶面积指数(LAI)、净光合速率得到提高,且营养生长和生殖生长得到有效合理的协调,并促进生殖器官干物质的积累;单铃质量和单株铃数显著增加,单铃质量较其他处理提高0.64、0.46、0.26和0.38g,单株铃数增加1.98、1.35、0.71和1.83个;皮棉产量达到3 583.3kg·hm-2。