发芽绿豆苗的生理指标和抗氧化特性对邻苯二甲酸酯的响应特征

Single phytotoxicity of two representative phthalate esters （PAEs）, di-n-butyl phthalate （DnBP） and bis（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）, was tested in mung bean （Vigna radiata） seedlings germinated for 72 h in soils spiked with varying concentrations （0-500 mg kg-1 soil） of DnBP or DEHP. PAEs added at up to 500 mg kg-1 soil exerted no significant effect on germination but both pollutants significantly inhibited root elongation （P 〈 0.01）; DEHP inhibited shoot elongation （P 〈 0.01） and DnBP depressed biomass on a fresh weight basis （P 〈 0.05）. Seedling shoot and root malondialdehyde （MDA） Contents tended to be stimulated by DnBP but inhibited by DEHP. However, increases in superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities, as well as glutathione （GSH） content, were induced at higher concentrations （e.g., 20 mg kg-1） of both compounds. Accumulation of proline in both roots and shoots and the storage compounds, such as free amino acids and total soluble sugars, in whole plant was induced under the stress exerted by both PAEs. The general responses of mung bean seedlings indicated higher toxicity of DnBP than DEHP on primary growth, during which root elongation was a more responsive index. MDA and GSH were more sensitive parameters in the roots than in the shoots and they might be recommended as physiologically sensitive parameters to assess the toxicity of PAE compounds in soils in future long-term studies.     

温室土壤食物网静态和动态结构特征

Soil food web structure is fundamental to ecosystem process and function; most studies on soil food web structure have focused on agro-ecosystems under different management practices and natural terrestrial ecosystems, but seldom on greenhouses. This study explored the static and temporal variability of soil food structure in two greenhouses of Shandong Province, North China over a two-year period. The static properties were measured directly by surveying functional group composition and a series of parameters portraying the species properties, link properties, chain properties and omnivory properties of the web, as well as indirectly through calculation of nematode indices, enrichment index （EI）, structure index （SI）, and channel index （CI）. The dynamic variability of greenhouse soil food structure was described by the dynamics of functional groups, Bray-Curtis （BC） similarity and cluster analysis. The results showed that the greenhouse soil food web contained 14 functional groups, with microbes having the highest mean biomass, followed by protozoa. Of the three functional groups of protozoa, flagellates were the dominant group on most sampling dates, amoebae only became the dominant group during the summer, while ciliates were the least prevalent group. All nematodes were assigned into one of the four functional groups, bacterivorous, fungivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous, and the fungivorous nematodes had the lowest mean biomass. Mites were assigned into three functional groups and the omnivorous noncryptostigmatic mites were the dominant group. All the functional groups showed significant seasonal changes. The soil food web connectance was 0.15, the maximum food chain length was 5, and the average food chain length was 3.6. The profiles of the EI and SI showed that the food web was resource- depleted with minimal structure. The results of CI indicated that the bacterial decomposition pathway was the dominant pathway in the food web of the greenhouse soils studied and the results of BC similarity showed that the soil food web had higher variability and instability over time. The cluster analysis showed that the functional groups located at high trophic levels with low biomass were in a cluster, whereas those at low trophic levels with high biomass were closer. Compared with the food web structure of agroecosystem and natural terrestrial ecosystem soils, the structure of greenhouse soil food web was simple and unstable, which was likely driven by high agricultural intensification, particularly over application of fertilizers.     

覆膜抑制土壤呼吸提高旱作春玉米产量

为从农田碳通量角度揭示地膜覆盖种植方式的增产增效机理,于2011年在山西寿阳旱作农业野外试验站对覆膜和露地春玉米田,进行了表层土壤温湿度、土壤呼吸和净碳交换规律及作物生长发育规律的研究和分析。结果表明:与露地处理相比较,覆膜处理全生育期表层土壤含水率提高了18.7%,前期可平均提高表层土壤温度1.67℃。覆膜和露地处理土壤呼吸变化规律总体一致,但前者的温度敏感系数Q10比后者低,且中后期前者排放的碳仅为后者的61.7%,说明采用覆盖地膜种植方式有利于农田土壤碳管理。前期和中期覆膜处理绿叶面积指数比露地处理平均高0.81 m2/m2,后期覆膜处理衰老较快,收获时比露地处理低1.00 m2/m2;露地处理在前期和中期日均净碳通量平均比覆膜处理大0.04 mg/(m2·s),而后期仅小0.02 mg/(m2·s),这是造成2处理最终生物产量和经济产量差异的根本原因。在地上干物质积累和地下干物质积累方面,覆膜处理始终比露地处理高,收获时差值分别为269.7和38.6 g/m2。露地处理每公顷少收春玉米籽粒1 348 kg。由此可见,覆膜种植可提高表层土壤温湿度,促进作物生长发育,抑制土壤呼吸,促进碳积累,增加农民收入的同时更有利于土壤碳管理。     

不同气候条件下潮土微生物群落的变化

针对气候变化的背景研究农田土壤微生物对气候变化的响应机制是调控农田土壤养分循环的理论基础。本研究基于设置在3个气候带(冷温带海伦、暖温带封丘和中亚热带鹰潭)的潮土移置试验,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析方法研究了移置第6年土壤微生物群落的变化特征。结果表明,在3种气候条件下潮土移置6年后土壤部分理化性质显著变化,土壤有机质含量表现为冷温带最高而中亚热带最低;在种植玉米的不同施肥处理中,土壤中微生物总PLFAs、革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)、细菌和放线菌PLFAs含量均表现为海伦封丘鹰潭,真菌/细菌比值在冷温带最低;PLFA图谱的主成分分析显示气候条件显著影响了土壤微生物的群落结构,海伦和封丘位于PC1正轴,而鹰潭位于负轴,受气候影响较大的特征PLFA包括18:1ω7c、16:1ω5c、16:0、18:0和18:2ω6,9c;逐步回归分析显示温度、降雨和土壤有机质是影响微生物群落的主要因子。总体上,气候条件的变化在短期内(6年)改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,可以影响农田生态系统的生物地球化学循环。     

黄土坡面细沟形态变化及其与流速之间的关系

研究细沟的形态变化特征是认识细沟侵蚀的重要基础,细沟发育过程中细沟形态变化与水流动力学特性之间存在相互影响和相互作用的关系,研究细沟发育过程中细沟形态与水动力学之间的关系,有利于更好地了解细沟侵蚀过程和侵蚀机理。该研究通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,对黄土坡面细沟发育过程中的细沟形态变化及其与流速的关系进行了研究。结果表明:坡面侵蚀过程呈明显的阶段性,坡面细沟形态变化过程与坡面径流含沙量的变化情况基本一致;坡面跌坎发生的临界流速为0.19~0.21 m/s,当坡面径流流速大于这个临界值的时候,坡面会出现跌坎;细沟发育初期,细沟间的距离一定程度上影响细沟的分布,最早出现的细沟之间不会再出现新的跌坎,这一间距范围在12.5~17.5 cm之间;细沟侵蚀过程主要以下切侵蚀和溯源侵蚀为主,沟壁坍塌的侵蚀作用相对较小;细沟流速随时间的变化大致呈先增后减的趋势,细沟流速随细沟宽度的增加而显著减小,这一趋势在4 m坡段尤为明显,二者之间存在显著负相关关系(r=-0.348,P=0.04)。受试验条件所限没有研究细沟深度和流速等其他水动力学参数,以后需要不断改进试验方法来准确测量流速、水深等指标,进一步研究细沟发育过程。     

基于电阻抗成像的植物单根断层图像重建

为了实现植物根系结构形态的原位检测,植物根系单根的断层图像重建研究非常必要。该文应用动态电阻抗成像技术对土壤-树根模拟系统进行了图像重建,对重建图像进行二值化处理并求出树根在该系统中的位置坐标、面积和形状,并以树根的位置坐标、面积及形状的相对偏差为指标,分析了图像重建算法、土壤含水率2个因素对成像质量的影响。结果表明：电阻抗成像技术能够实现树木单根断层图像重建;将重建图像进行二值化处理,所得图像更加直观,便于定量评价成像质量;基于Newton单步残差正则化的一步牛顿误差重构（Newton's one-step error reconsruction,NOSER）算法,比基于全变差正则化的主双-内点模式（primal dual-interior point method,PD-IPM）算法的成像质量好;土壤含水率越高成像质量越好。该研究为基于电阻抗成像技术的植物根系结构形态的图像重建提供参考。     

农业资源研究中心“百人计划”招聘启事

正中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心(以下简称中心)面向国家水安全、粮食安全、生态环境安全的重大战略需求和农业资源与生态学前沿领域开展应用基础研究。根据中心科研布局与学科发展的需要,现诚聘海内外杰出人才若干名。一、招聘研究领域农业水文学、农业生态学、水化学与农田面源污染、土壤微生物生态学、农业灌溉工程、农业遥感与模型、作物     

我国污水土地处理技术研究进展

污水土地处理技术是一种基于土壤—生物作用的污水净化技术,投资少,建设运营成本低,日益受到全球的关注。分别就五种污水土地处理技术工艺在我国的发展进行了回顾,介绍了相应措施及效果,指出了其存在的问题,并对污水土地处理系统在我国的应用前景进行了展望。     

云南宣威市烟田耕作层土壤颗粒分形特征研究

在宣威市烟田耕作层土壤属性数据的基础上,研究了土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤机械组成、土壤质地和土壤养分间的关系,建立了植烟土壤颗粒分形维数的预测函数。结果表明:除了1.0 mm颗粒含量外,土壤颗粒分形维数与低于一定粒径的颗粒含量呈极显著正相关,且测定的粒径越小,直线斜率和相关系数越大,这表明随着土粒直径减小,分形维数增加。土壤颗粒分形维数重点反映黏粒含量,其次是粉粒含量。宣威市植烟土壤质地以壤土为主,适合优质烟的种植,土壤颗粒分形维数介于2.4889~3.8905之间,土壤颗粒分形维数可作为描述土壤质地的综合性定量指标,但土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量与土壤颗粒分形维数的单相关性均不显著。建立的植烟土壤颗粒分形维数估算函数预测准确度和精确度高,分别为0.9714和0.9617,且相对误差较低(-0.8236%~0.8208%),能很好地用于模拟植烟土壤分形维数。     

体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重

土壤含水率直接测量是相关研究和应用的基础,在土壤力学、作物栽培、农田灌溉、生态环境等研究和实践中十分重要。该文提出了一种与传统烘干称质量法相当的体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重。该方法在假设一定土壤颗粒密度的前提下,用一定体积的标准取样环刀取得土样后,通过向待测量土体补充水分使土壤达到饱和,用一定体积的水置换土壤中的充气空隙,直到土样达到饱和状态;再通过测量得到的初始/原始土样质量、饱和后土壤的质量以及已知土壤颗粒密度和水密度,计算得到被置换的充气空隙的体积,进而由此计算得到土壤质量含水率和土壤容重。采用3种不同土壤,即陕西杨凌黏黄土、北京粉壤土和江西黏红土,分别预配制成7种不同初始土壤体积含水率,含水率约为:风干土(含水率2%～3%)、5%、10%、15%、25%、30%和饱和含水率,以及3种不同土壤容重:1.25、1.35和1.45g/cm3进行室内试验。用类似的土样,采用传统方法烘干土样8、12、24、48h后,测量确定土壤的质量含水率,通过延长烘干时间测得数据表明,传统方法烘干8h所测得的质量含水率仍有1%～3.2%的含水率误差。最终试验结果表明体积置换方法测得的土壤含水率比传统烘干土样8h所测得的结果大2%～3%,比烘干土样48h所测得的结果大1%左右。体积置换方法测量操作过程简单,耗时较少,节约能源,测量结果具有较高精度。