污染土壤微生物修复技术主要研究内容和方法

综述和介绍了污染土壤的生物修复技术研究现状和国外生物修复技术的最新研究内容和方法。     

金华地区11种杂草对4种重金属的吸收与富集作用研究

定量测定了分布于浙江师大校园（地处金华）及金华某冶炼厂的11种杂草对4种重金属的吸收与富集能力。结果表明，对Cu吸收和富集能力较强的有早熟禾（Poa annua）、裸柱菊（Soliva anthemifolia）、北美独行菜（Lepidium virginicum）、北美鬼针草（Bidens frondosa）；对Cd富集能力较强的是北美车前（Plantago virginica）、早熟禾、裸柱菊和蚊母草（Veronica peregrina）；对Pb的吸收富集能力以早熟禾、蚊母草和裸柱菊等为强；对Cr吸收富集能力较强的是蚊母草、早熟禾和北美车前。     

铜铁铅单一及复合污染对铜草幼苗生长的影响

采用种子萌发实验方法，研究了不同浓度铜、铁、铅单一及复合污染对铜草幼苗生长的影响。结果表明，铜铁铅3种金属对铜草种子萌发率的影响不同，铜草种子对铜的耐性最高。铜草幼苗对铜和铁的耐性较高，能较好地适应在受铜铁污染的土壤中生长。在铜铁浓度一定的情况下，铅的加入能极大的影响铜草幼苗的生长。     

阴离子对加入到土壤中的铅吸附与提取的影响

The effect of accompanying anions on the adsorbability and extractability of Pb added in soils was studied by using bach equilibria and incubation-extraction mothods.Pb concentration ranged between 0.48-2.41 mM in the adsorption experiment,and Pb added to soil from 2.14 to 19.31mM Pb/kg with an incubation time of 2-16 weeks in the incubation-extraction test in which 1M NH4OAc(pH 7) was taken as an extraction agent,and the Pb compounds used are PbCl2,Pb(NO3)2 and Pb(OAc)2.The values of pH50 for Pb retention and the parameters,b and k values,of Langmuir equation were used to distinguish the difference of adsorbability and extractability of Pb affected by anions,respectively.Judging from the results of either pH50 value or b value,the influences of Cl^- and NO3^- on the adsorbability and extractability of Pb in soils were similar but quite different from those of OAc^-.The relative loading capacities of soils to Pb calculated according to the extraction rate showed that the values of Pb(OAc)2 were higher than those of PbCl2 and Pb(NO3)2.     

蔬菜对土壤镉铜锌富集能力的研究

调查了福建部分污染严重地区不同蔬菜对镉、锌、铜的富集能力。结果表明蔬菜对镉的平均富集系数为0.017，锌的平均富集系数为0.116，铜的平均富集系数为0.014。蔬菜对镉的富集系数的品种间差异最大，达315倍，远高于锌和铜的富集系数的品种间差异。茭白、豇豆和莲藕对镉的富集能力较低，可作为镉污染土壤优先选种的蔬菜品种，而青包菜、白包菜、芥菜、空心菜、芋头等对镉的富集系数较高，不宜在镉污染土壤上栽培。     

关于防范我国农业用地土壤污染的若干思考

当前农业发展过程中面临的一个重要问题就是农业用地土壤遭到严重的污染,成为制约农业可持续发展的“瓶颈”。防治和治理土壤污染采取措施：依靠科技进步,提高农民的素质,提倡发展生态农业；依靠法律保护土壤不受污染。但我国现有法规对防治土壤污染的规定制度缺乏具体的操作性,在执法上缺乏必要的力度,使土壤污染的防治和治理工作更是难以执行。为此建议完善相关法规、修订《土壤环境质量标准》,界定土壤污染的具体标准。建立土地资源调查制度,把生态学的发展理念引进到农业生产过程中去,提倡农业清洁生产,建立土壤生态补偿基金,本着“谁破坏谁治理”的原则,向污染企业收取土壤治理费。加强对农业用地土壤的监督管理工作,增强公众参与的意识,扩大公众的监督权,通过举报、监督等手段,防止土壤污染。     

土壤重金属（CuZnCd）复合污染的研究现状

从土壤重金属复合污染对植物生长的影响、重金属复合污染的表征方式及重金属污染土壤的防治措施3个方面进行较全面的阐述，并对今后研究的发展方向提出一些看法。     

pH Effect on kinetics of Heavy Metal Sorption in Soils

The pH effect on the sorption kinetics of heavy metals in soils was studied using a constant flow leaching method.The soil samples were red soil collected from Yingtan,Jiangxi,and yellow-brown soil from Nanjing,Jiansu,The heavy metals tested were zinc and cadmium.Assuming that the experimental data diffed to the following kinetic rate equation:1/c.dx/dt=kx∞-kx,the rate constant k of sorption could be determined from the slope of the straight line by plotting of 1/c,dx/dt vs.x.The results showed that the pH effect on the rate constants of heavy mental sorption in soils was very significant.The values of k decreased with increasing pH.The sorptions were more sensitive to pH in red soil than in yellow-brown soil.     

土壤中重金属污染现状与防治方法

文章阐明了土壤重金属污染来源与分布，同时对国内外土壤重金属污染治理的研究工作做了系统的综述，提出了土壤中重金属污染物防治的环境矿物学新方法，利用环境矿物材料治理土壤重金属污染物的方法，具有成本低，效果好，无二次污染及有用金属可回收利用等优点，展现出广阔的环境矿物学研究与应用前景。并提醒人们要提高土壤质量意识，保护生态环境。