分形理论在农业工程中的应用

综述了分形理论在粗糙表面表征、摩擦温升分布、磨损预测模型、机器故障诊断、土壤耕作和计算机水果检测中的应用现状。     

Genotype-Environment Interactions and Stability Analysis for Herbage and Seed Yields of Forage Peas Under Rainfed Conditions

Twenty-five genotypes of forage peas (Pisum sativum L.) were evaluated under rainfed conditions for two years at four locations in Syria and one in Lebanon. Since local climatic variation is significant, each location in each year was treated as a separate environment, to give ten environments. Genotype-environment interactions (GXE) were analysed using linear regression techniques. There was considerable variation in herbage and seed yields within both genotypes and environments. Genotype-environment interactions were present for both herbage and seed yields; a large proportion of these interactions was accounted for by the linear regression. Although the non-linear component was also significant, its magnitude was smaller than that of the linear component. The highest and most stable herbage yields were obtained from accessions 46/61, 135/175, 3211/323, 99/103 and 88/335. The highest and most stable seed yields were produced by accessions 4/166, 2428/240, 424/242 and 88/335. Accession 88/335 from Germany, F.R. was the only genotype to combine high herbage and seed yields with wide adaptation and stability and could thus be considered the most widely adapted genotype. Other stable genotypes were identified as suitable for poor environments. Yield of the locally collected genotype, though often high, was found to be unstable. The importance of genotype-environment interactions in future breeding strategies is discussed.     

Flower induction in seedlings of Aster novi-belgii and selection before and after vegetative propagation

Bolting and flowering of Aster novi-belgii seedlings as well as correlations between characteristics within seedling populations and between seedlings and their vegetatively propagated offspring were investigated in order to improve breeding efficiency. In seedlings of A. novi-belgii, flower induction was observed without vernalization. Seedlings initially formed a rosette, but bolting was a prerequisite for development of a normal flowering shoot. Bolting was promoted by long photoperiods as compared to short days. The shortest time from sowing to anthesis was recorded when plants were grown under long photoperiods until the main stem was at least 5 cm long, and then moved to short photoperiods. A large variation in time to anthesis, plant height, branching ability, and flower size and color was found among the seedlings within all crosses. Magnitude and significance of correlations between some characteristics varied among crosses. The more consistent correlations seem mainly to be due to natural courses of plant growth and development. High correlations between seedling characteristics and their vegetatively propagated offspring were only found for flower hue. Lower, but significant correlations were found for flower color intensity, plant height and branching ability. There were no significant correlations for the time-to-anthesis between the two groups of plants. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海岛棉零式果枝与长果枝品种间杂交F1目标产量性状的决策分析

采用MINQUE（1）统计方法，利用AD模型对9个海岛棉品种（系）及其20个F1组合产量性状的两年资料进行了相关分析和目标产量性状的决策分析。结果表明，不同性状间遗传组分相关系数的大小顺序并不能代替其他性状对霜前皮棉产量和皮棉总产决策系数的大小顺序。还确定了提高海岛棉零式果枝与长果枝品种间杂交杂种后代霜前皮棉产量     

采用遗传算法计入摩擦力作用的标准斜齿轮传动模糊可靠优化

传统的齿轮强度理论不考虑齿间摩擦的影响。针对这一观点，该文以渐开线斜齿圆柱齿轮传动的小齿轮齿数、法面模数、螺旋角、齿宽系数为设计变量，以两齿轮的体积之和为最小目标函数，通过应用模糊设计理论和可靠性设计理论，建立摩擦力作用下标准斜齿圆柱齿轮传动的模糊可靠性优化设计的数学模型，并采用遗传算法对其进行优化。研究表明，效果很好。     

狗猪鹿牙齿的高耐磨特性对比

为解决土壤工作部件磨损严重的问题,该文以狗牙、猪牙、鹿牙为研究对象,采用摩擦磨损试验机进行摩擦磨损试验,考察了狗牙、猪牙、鹿牙的摩擦学性能,通过激光共聚焦扫描显微镜测量磨损深度,利用扫描电子显微镜观察狗牙、猪牙、鹿牙的磨损形貌,利用纳米压痕仪分别对狗牙、猪牙、鹿牙进行力学性能试验,测试其纳米硬度和弹性模量。试验表明：狗牙釉质磨斑表面磨屑剥落严重、附着大量的细小磨粒、有明显的龟裂现象,磨损体积为1.91×107 μm3,猪牙釉质磨斑表面主要是磨屑剥落,磨损体积为1.56×107 μm3,鹿牙釉质磨斑表面也表现为磨屑剥落,磨损程度比猪牙齿的轻,磨损体积为1.39×107 μm3;牙齿的耐磨性与其硬度密切相关;鹿牙釉质的耐磨性、纳米硬度和弹性模量最大,狗牙釉质的最小。该文以动物牙齿为仿生原型,为耐磨触土部件的研发提供新的参考方向和理论依据。     

太阳能加热的地上式户用沼气生产系统热性能分析

为对太阳能加热的地上式户用沼气生产系统的推广应用和优化设计提供指导,试验研究了该型系统的热性能,对系统中真空管太阳能热水器日平均集热效率、沼气池散热量和热水-料液传热系数与相关因素的关系进行了分析。试验表明,当日平均环境温度在-2.1~-8.6℃变化时,沼气池内料液温度可维持在(27±2)℃的范围内。得到了太阳能热水器日平均集热效率、沼气池散热量和热水-料液传热系数的计算公式;研究发现沼气池内料液温度对热水-料液传热系数的影响很大,随着料液温度的提高,传热系数显著增加。     

外掺植物纤维对冻融作用下植被混凝土抗剪强度的影响

[目的]研究外掺2种植物纤维对冻融作用下植被混凝土抗剪强度的影响,为植被混凝土生态防护技术在高寒地区的应用提供科学依据。[方法]参考相关标准(GB/T50082-2009)中的慢冻法,采用2因素3水平全面交叉试验开展研究。[结果]未掺植物纤维的植被混凝土,冻融后黏聚力显著减小,内摩擦角变化不明显。掺入植物纤维可使经受5次冻融循环作用后植被混凝土的内摩擦角平均增加5°左右,并且随植物纤维掺量的增加,内摩擦角变化无明显规律,黏聚力则呈先增加后减小的趋势。表明纤维加筋对黏聚力的贡献存在临界掺量。棕纤维掺量对黏聚力的影响比黄麻纤维掺量更为敏感。[结论]外掺植物纤维可有效改善植被混凝土抵抗冻融破坏的能力,棕纤维和黄麻纤维的建议掺入比为0.6%和0.6%,具备推广应用前景。     

考虑摩擦特性时过盈量对轴承预紧力的影响

针对航天机构中轴承轴向预紧力精确确定的问题,基于静力学和弹性力学,在考虑配合尺寸、摩擦特性的基础上,研究了轴承预紧力与拧紧力矩的关系。利用锁紧螺母拧紧力矩与轴向力的关系,确定施加于轴承上的轴向力;根据摩擦力与摩擦特性及装配尺寸的关系,分析摩擦力对轴向力的截留作用;通过轴承力平衡方程组,对实际预紧力进行理论分析。文中研究了配合尺寸及摩擦特性对预紧力的影响,揭示了不同装配下预紧力随拧紧力矩的变化规律。研究结果表明:对轴承71807C预紧力结果进行分析,发现相同拧紧力矩下,过盈量增0.5μm,轴向力中约有123 N的力被截留;且摩擦系数增加0.05,轴向力截留率增大约13%。过盈量越大,轴承与主轴间摩擦力对轴向力的截留作用越大,预紧力对应的拧紧力矩越大;相比加热炉加热,油槽加热降低了配合区域的摩擦系数,加载相同的拧紧力矩时使轴承预紧力较大。经试验验证,该理论分析可以确定施加的预紧力,又可以提高装配质量。该研究建立预紧力测量的理论计算模型,并可用此模型较精确地确定预紧力,为轴承预紧力设计和装配提供参考。