Maize/peanut intercropping increases photosynthetic characteristics, ~(13)C-photosynthate distribution,and grain yield of summer maize

Intercropping is used widely by smallholder farmers in developing countries to increase land productivity and profitability. We conducted a maize/peanut intercropping experiment in the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in Shandong, China. Treatments included sole maize(SM), sole peanut(SP), and an intercrop consisting of four rows of maize and six rows of peanut(IM and IP). The results showed that the intercropping system had yield advantages based on the land equivalent ratio(LER) values of 1.15 and 1.16 in the two years, respectively. Averaged over the two years, the yield of maize in the intercropping was increased by 61.05% compared to that in SM, while the pod yield of peanut was decreased by 31.80% compared to SP. Maize was the superior competitor when intercropped with peanut, and its productivity dominated the yield of the intercropping system in our study. The increased yield was due to a higher kernel number per ear(KNE). Intercropping increased the light transmission ratio(LTR) of the ear layer in the maize canopy, the active photosynthetic duration(APD), and the harvest index(HI) compared to SM. In addition, intercropping promoted the ratio of dry matter accumulation after silking and the distribution of ~(13) C-photosynthates to grain compared to SM. In conclusion, maize/peanut intercropping demonstrated the potential to improve the light condition of maize, achieving enhanced photosynthetic characteristics that improved female spike differentiation, reduced barrenness, and increased KNE. Moreover, dry matter accumulation and ~(13) C-photosynthates distribution to grain of intercropped maize were improved, and a higher grain yield was ultimately obtained.     

玉米青贮与花生秧配比对奶牛瘤胃中花生秧降解特性的影响

本试验旨在研究玉米青贮与花生秧配比对奶牛瘤胃中花生秧降解特性的影响。选择4头体重、生理状态、生产性能相近,装有永久瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦奶牛,分别饲喂含有玉米青贮与花生秧不同配比的全混合日粮(TMR),3种TMR中玉米青贮与花生秧的干物质(DM)配比分别为3.9∶1.0(A组)、1.2∶1.0(B组)、0.4∶1.0(C组)。试验分3期进行,依次进行A、B、C组试验。每期预试15 d,采样期4 d;共57 d。采用尼龙袋瘤胃降解技术测定花生秧在奶牛瘤胃中DM、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的72 h瘤胃降解率,并求得目标养分的动态降解参数及有效降解率。结果表明:1)花生秧的DM在瘤胃中有效降解率为56.49%~59.62%,CP为40.45%~47.36%,NDF为33.26%~35.20%,ADF为36.31%~37.45%。2)B组DM的有效降解率显著高于C组(P0.05),极显著高于A组(P0.01);B、C组的CP有效降解率显著高于A组(P0.05)。3)B、C组的NDF快速降解部分含量显著高于A组(P0.05);3种TMR对花生秧粗NDF和ADF有效降解率无显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,花生秧具有较高的饲用价值。本试验条件下,玉米青贮与花生秧DM配比为1.2∶1.0时,可有效提高花生秧DM和CP的瘤胃降解率。     

精密播种之电子驱动系统设计

本文研究的排种自动控制系统是依据前轮转速控制排种,在排种量、粒距和前轮转速之间建立关系,并以单片机为核心,配以测速装置、驱动装置及处理电路,输出合理驱动脉冲驱动步进电机的转动,进而带动排种器轴转动达到均匀排种目的的一种电子驱动系统方案.     

黑花生“中花9号”的施肥效应研究

在露地栽培条件下,设置5个复合肥施用量处理,探讨使用万植牌有机无机复合肥(N-P-K=15-15-15)栽培黑花生"中花9号"的适宜施肥量。结果表明:三峡库区采用万植牌有机无机复合肥露地栽培"中花9号"的适宜施肥量为40kg/667m~2,荚果产量可达249.5 kg/667m~2,饱果产量218.0 kg/667m~2,籽仁产量170.3 kg/667m~2,饱满籽仁产量可达126.6 kg/667m~2。     

免耕播种机试验与应用研究

主要论述了保护性耕作关键装备—2BM-9型免耕播种机的技术参数与工作原理,论述了其性能试验、可靠性试验及应用效果。通过性能试验与生产考核表明:该机各项指标均达到了设计要求,使用可靠性大于98%,调整使用方便性大于97%。经测试与调查统计知:该机对作物留茬地提高土壤含水率6%～9%,减少农田风蚀50%～80%,提高土壤有机质含量0.04%～0.08%,增加农民收入10%～15%。经过4年的推广应用,取得了良好的经济社会生态效益,对促进保护性耕作技术的实施有着重要的作用。     

花生壳活性炭吸附染料废水中结晶紫的研究

利用磷酸处理微波照射制备花生壳活性炭,以一定浓度的结晶紫溶液为模拟染料废水,研究了吸附剂粒径、溶液pH值、结晶紫的初始浓度、吸附剂用量、吸附时间、吸附温度对结晶紫吸附性能的影响。结果表明花生壳活性炭是具有高去除率的廉价吸附剂,最大去除率达96%。结晶紫染料在花生壳活性炭上的吸附过程符合二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附方程。     

震动气吸针式精量播种机的性能与应用

为适应园艺农业的发展，在借鉴国外同类播种设备的基础上，开发出一种国产全智能精量播种机。本文介绍了该机的工作过程、主要性能指标及需改进的方向。     

摆动式花生收获机整体载荷的试验与分析

从理论上建立了摆动式花生收获机的空间力系模型.在此基础上,围绕摆动式花生收获机的主要试验参数-传动速比、偏心距、栅条长度与前进速度的改变进行了摆动式花生收获机整体载荷的试验.试验证明:花生收获机在工作时所受载荷平衡,通过二次回归旋转组合试验测定整体载荷随4因素的变化规律是显著的,结合花生收获机的实际工作条件分析了回归方程的适用范围.本试验为摆动式花生收获机在功率消耗、力的平衡等方面的进一步改进提供了依据.     

水稻田间育秧精密播种机设计与试验

为提高田间育秧播种机的播种合格率和播种稳定均匀性,设计了一种适用于南方水稻田间育秧的精密播种机。在深入分析螺旋勺轮式播种器的播种原理,以及播种器行走控制系统的基础上,采用正交试验方法,研究了螺旋勺轮的凹槽深度、螺旋升角、播种器行走速度对播种合格率和空穴率的影响规律,得出杂交稻播种合格率和空穴率影响因素的最佳参数组合:凹槽深度h为3 mm、螺旋升角α为81.73°、播种器行走速度v为0.35 m/s。试验表明,采用闭环控制系统后的播种机播种杂交稻2~6粒/格合格率由87.14%提升到93.21%,常规稻3~8粒/格的播种合格率为92.14%,播种性能满足常规稻和杂交稻精密播种育秧的技术要求。