渗灌次数对西北荒漠灌区紫花苜蓿栽培草地土壤化学性质的影响

渗灌是节水农业中最有效的措施之一,有利于作物产量和水分利用率的提高。本研究以甘肃省金昌市杨柳青公司紫花苜蓿‘艾迪娜’(M.sativa L.‘Aidina’)试验地渗灌区土壤为研究对象,通过田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法,研究不同渗灌次数(0次、1次、2次、3次)对苜蓿出苗期不同土层深度及管距位置土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明:在0~10cm和10~20cm土层深度,pH最高值均出现在管上,较CK升高了8.21%和8.68%,最低值都出现在管中,较CK降低了2.70%和3.37%;2水和3水均能显著提高不同土层深度及不同管距位置的pH值(P0.05)。不同渗灌次数,不同土层深度管中的水溶性盐含量均高于管上和管近,且最大值都出现在1水,较CK分别增加了83.26%和96.34%;不同土层深度,2水的水溶性盐含量平均值都低于1水和3水;不同渗灌次数,不同土层深度,钠离子和钾离子含量的最大值均出现在管中。不同渗灌次数,不同土层深度,管中的水解性氮含量均高于管上和管近,最大值都出现在1水管中,较CK分别增加了112.68%和34.48%。随着渗灌次数的增多,0~10cm土层深度不同管距的速效磷含量均呈现下降趋势,速效钾含量均呈现上升趋势。随着灌水次数的增加,不同土层深度及管位的有机质含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,2水显著提高了各位置土壤有机质含量(P0.05)。综上所述,渗灌2次比较好,土壤水溶性盐含量较低且有机质含量较高,利于苜蓿幼苗生长。     

浅析灌溉对作物根系及产量的影响

结合文献资料,从作物根系的水平分布、垂直分布、硝态氮运移及产量等几个方面,概述了不同灌溉量和灌溉方式对作物的影响,分析了滴灌、渗灌等微灌技术的应用。最后,针对经济林木生产的实际现状,进行了展望：探索一种成本低、简单易操作、便于推广应用的灌溉措施更具有理论和实践意义。     

SALTIRSOIL: a simulation model for the mid to long‐term prediction of soil salinity in irrigated agriculture

The SALTIRSOIL model predicts soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity in irrigated land using basic information on soil, climate, crop, irrigation management and water quality. It extends the concept of the WATSUIT model to include irrigation and crop management practices, advances in the calculation of evapotranspiration and new algorithms for the water stress coefficient and calculation of electrical conductivity. SALTIRSOIL calculates the soil water balance and soil solution concentration over the year. A second module, SALSOLCHEM, calculates the inorganic ion composition of the soil solution at equilibrium with soil calcite and gypsum at the soil’s CO₂ partial pressure. Results from comparing predicted and experimentally determined concentrations, observations and predictions of pH, alkalinity and calcium concentration in calcite‐saturated solutions agree to the second significant figure; in gypsum‐saturated solutions the standard difference between observations and predictions is <3% in absolute values. The algorithms in SALTIRSOIL have been verified and SALSOLCHEM validated for the reliable calculation of soil salinity, sodicity and alkalinity at water saturation in well‐drained irrigated lands. In simulations for horticultural crops in southeast Spain, soil solution concentration factors at water saturation, quotients of electrical conductivity (EC₂₅) at saturation to electrical conductivity in the irrigation water, and quotients of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are very similar to average measured values for the area.     

浅谈阜新蒙古族自治县玉米膜下滴灌农艺措施

以玉米膜下滴灌栽培技术研究成果为依据，总结了辽宁省阜新蒙古族自治县东部地区推广应用该成果的具体措施，并提出相应对策。     

Effect of water deficiency on relationships between metabolism,physiology,biomass,and yield of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Drought is a common abiotic stress that considerably limits crop production. The objective of this study is to explore the influence of water deficiency on the yield, physiologic and metabolomic attributes in upland cotton cultivars(Gossypium hirsutum L). Cotton cultivars, 'Ishonch' and 'Tashkent-6' were selected to study the relationships among their physiologic, metabolomic and yield attributes during water deficiency. Deficit irrigation was designed by modifying the traditional watering protocol to reduce water use. Results indicate that cotton cultivars respond differently to water deficit stress. Water deficit significantly influenced plant height, the number of internodes, and sympodial branches in both cultivars. However, yield components such as the number of bolls, boll seed, lint mass, and individual plant yield were significantly reduced only in 'Tashkent-6'. The leaf area decreased and the specific leaf weight increased in 'Ishonch' under deficit irrigation conditions. However, 'Tashkent-6' demonstrated significant water loss compared to 'Ishonch', and both cultivars showed reduced transpiration rates. Untargeted metabolite profiles of leaves showed clear separation in 'Ishonch', but not in 'Tashkent-6' under deficit irrigation compared to full irrigation. The individual metabolites such as proline and galactinol showed strong association with yield under water deficit stress. Moreover, this study indicates that leaf area and transpiration intensity influence yield during water deficiency. In summary, the correlation among morpho-physiologic, metabolic, and yield components significantly varied between the two cultivars under water deficiency. The flowering stage was sensitive to water stress for both cultivars. The direct relationship between physiology, metabolism, and yield may be a useful selection criterion for determining candidate parents for cotton drought tolerance breeding.     

Seismic behavior of reinforced-concrete and steel reinforced concrete ultra short columns

进行了4个钢筋混凝土(RC)超短柱、4个型钢混凝土(SRC)超短柱和6个RC分体柱的滞回性能试验研究.8个超短柱的剪跨比为1;6个分体柱的剪跨比为2.4.试验结果表明,RC超短柱的变形能力不满足现行抗震规范要求.不设剪力连接件的SRC超短柱的破坏模式为黏结破坏,与RC超短柱相比,其抗剪承载力和变形能力并无明显提高;设置剪力连接件的SRC超短柱的破坏模式为斜压破坏,其抗剪承载力和变形能力显著提高,但构件的变形能力仍然难以满足现行抗震规范要求.试验结果还表明,在RC超短柱中开缝,形成剪跨比大于2的RC分体柱,可有效提高柱子的延性和变形能力.对于RC分体柱,随轴压比的提高,构件的抗弯承载力提高,但延性和变形能力下降;当设计轴压比大于0.7时,RC分体柱的变形能力不满足现行抗震规范要求.根据试验结果,提出了SRC超短柱的剪力连接件设计方法和RC分体柱的设计建议.     

农民用水协会在基层灌区管理中的作用及存在的问题

对近年昌吉州灌区协会发挥的作用进行了分析,并就目前存在的主要问题进行了讨论,以期促进基层灌区的管理。     

短消息在节水灌溉系统中的应用

为了提高农田灌溉中水资源的利用率，实现农田智能化灌溉以及对灌溉系统中主要器件的故障诊断，利用短消息通讯、数据采集与灌溉控制技术，研制了一套包括数据采集、自动灌溉和检查易出故障器件的智能节水灌溉系统。该系统可以根据不同作物的生长需求、不同土质等因素设定自动灌溉参数，实施自动灌溉。通过实际使用证明，系统性能稳定，操作方便。     

高寒草地凋落物覆盖对狼毒生长微环境及种苗定居的影响

种子萌发和幼苗定居是植物生活史中最为脆弱的两个阶段。为了探明高寒草地狼毒（Stellera chamaejasme）种苗定居的生境选择,本研究在其原生境下通过人工控制试验,研究凋落物覆盖对土壤微环境（温、湿度）的影响以及狼毒种子在不同生境条件下的出苗和定居表现。结果表明：凋落物覆盖总体上能够降低土壤温度,提高土壤含水量,且能显著降低表层土壤温度和含水量的日振幅;与对照（土壤裸露）相比,凋落物覆盖显著降低狼毒种子的出苗率和成苗率,但对其越冬存活率的影响并不显著;土壤埋深对狼毒种子的出苗产生显著影响,埋植于表层土壤（< 0.5 cm）的狼毒种子其出苗率和越冬成活率均显著高于深层土壤（2 cm和4 cm）的种子。分析表明,高寒草地凋落物的存在或种子埋植太深均不利于狼毒种苗的定居;因此,草地裸露或促使土壤浅表化的扰动均可促进狼毒种群建立,是导致退化草地狼毒种群扩散的主要生态因素。     

灌溉设备产品信息与报价系统的开发

本文介绍了开发灌溉设备产品信息与报价系统的必要性及功能 ,较系统地阐述了该软件系统的实现思路 ,并对其应用前景作了初步预测