锡林郭勒荒漠草地种子植物区系研究

通过对锡林郭勒荒漠草地种子植物的组成特征、区系地理成分的分析,结果表明：该区有种子植物55科180属348种,被子植物占优势。科属组成分析表明,区系优势现象较明显,优势科、大属和较大属均以温带分布占优势;属种的地理成分分析表明,温带分布属、种占优势,热带分布的属、种所占比例很小,表明温带属性是该地区植物区系的基本属性,...     

浙江豆科植物区系特点及地理分布研究

浙江共有豆科植物61属,181种,3亚种,7变种,3变型,其中栽培15属,57种,2变种,2变型。本文通过对各自然分布属在豆科中系统位置的分析,分布区类型的统计和与邻近地区豆科植物属、种的对比,认为浙江豆科植物区系种类丰富,起源古老,地理成分复杂,具有较明显的热带和亚热带性质,与邻近地区的关系密切,为一个开放型的植物区系。同时还探讨了地理分布格局,证实了以括苍山,仙霞岭一线为界的浙江东南部是华东、华南两植物区系的交汇地带。吴征镒将雁荡山、洞宫山一线以南的浙江东南一隅划为华南区系的范围是合理的。     

Estimating the impact of air pollution on environmentally valuable sites

Concern about the environmental effect of air pollution on areas of high conservation value in the UK has prompted the statutory agencies to initiate an investigation on these areas. For this, critical loads maps have been used together with predicted air pollution data, monitored air pollution data and remotely sensed land cover information within a geographic information system (GIS). Additional information on designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) for England and Wales have also been incorporated. This provides the framework for examining potential impacts to these sites under various current and future scenarios. The approach allows for the investigation of the impacts of individual point sources as well as complete national scenarios. Preliminary results are provided from analysis of a single pollutant (sulphur). These indicate that nationally up to 52% of the area of SSSI's (5000 km²) are at risk from soil acidification. Using this approach it has been possible to apportion the load on any SSSI, thereby enabling the ecological impacts of each point source to be identified. This information can then be used to assess priorities for regulatory controls.     

神东矿区水土保持植物区系分析

[目的]对神东矿区植物区系进行分析,为充分利用当地的植物资源,实现神东矿区资源开发与生态环境建设和谐发展提供理论依据。[方法]利用植物区系分析法,以神东矿区作为一个独立的植物区系单元,对该区种子植物进行了调查统计,以科、属、种的现代地理分布为基础,对这3个层次的地理分布类型分别进行了统计分析,探讨该植物区系的基本特征和区系属性等问题。[结果](1)神东矿区共有植物53科,135属,217种。菊科植物种类最多(35种),其次是豆科植物26种,禾本科植物18种,蔷薇科植物14种,科内只含一种植物的科有21个;(2)神东矿区有草本植物159种,木本植物有52种,神东矿区生长的的植物多为中生和旱生,其中中生植物有62种,旱生植物有32种;(3)神东矿区高等植物类群在分类等级上都具有丰富、复杂、古老、特有4种特性。[结论]神东矿区生态系统较为脆弱,但该区的植物物种仍较为丰富。     

A GIS based approach to modelling the effects of land-use change on soil erosion in New Zealand

Abstract. The problem of soil erosion is particularly evident in New Zealand, given the combination of coarse-textured soils, steep relief, high rainfall, and intensification of agriculture. A study was undertaken to assess the effects of land use change on soil erosion and sediment transport for the Ngongotaha catchment in New Zealand's North Island, using a GIS based decision support and modelling system. Model simulations considered the effect of increased catchment area under deer farming and forestry on the amount of sediment delivered to the catchment outlet, averaged over a period of six years. The simulations predicted that sediment loss from land under deer farming was considerably greater than from land under other livestock or forestry. Further model simulations testing best management practices demonstrated that sediment yield could be halved if deer farming was restricted to slopes under 20%.     

稻米中同位素与多元素特征及其产地溯源PCA-LDA判别

通过探究谷物中同位素与多元素的地域特色及其产地溯源的可能性,本研究采用稳定同位素质谱和等离子发射光谱质谱法测定稻米中同位素比率和多元素含量,并结合化学计量学中主成分分析(PCA)和线性判别分析(LDA)法建立模型,对不同省份的稻米进行产地溯源判定。结果表明,各地产的稻米中稳定同位素δ15N、δ13C、δD、δ18O数值范围不同,而且Li、Be和Na等其他矿物元素的含量变化较大,Pb、Sr同位素比率也各不相同,具有一定的地域特征。PCA法能够初步辨别各稻米地产,本研究进一步采用PCA-LDA法能够对大区域(黑龙江省、江苏省和辽宁省)的稻米进行产地判别,通过对23个样本进行判别验证,正确率为91%。对于黑龙江省4个地产的稻米样品,由于地理差异性比较小,同时样本数比较少,故只对其中2个产地稻米进行判别。通过同位素比率和多元素的含量的测定再结合化学计量学分析,一定程度上能够区分不同产地的稻米,为稻米产地溯源的可行性提供了方法依据。     

2014年菏泽市主要气候事件及灾情分析

以2014年为例,利用气候学的原理与方法,介绍了菏泽市出现的主要气候事件,并对事件灾情影响进行了分析.结果表明,2014年菏泽市全市平均气温比常年偏高,平均年降水量比常年稍偏少,日照时数比常年偏少;主要气候事件冬季有积雪、雾霾,春季有大雾、阴霾,夏季有暴雨、洪涝、大风、冰雹,秋季有连阴雨等,其中暴雨、洪涝、大风、连阴雨灾情影响较大.总体来看,2014年极端天气较少,尚属较好年景.     

黑河流域自然地理景观格局变迁与荒漠化研究

土地荒漠化是制约我国社会、经济可持续发展的严重问题之一.随着经济和社会发展,黑河流域的土地荒漠化越来越严重,成为该区域可持续发展的制约因素.影响荒漠化的因素多种多样,笔者认为荒漠化与自然地理景观格局变迁有重要的联系.根据有关资料对黑河流域自然地理景观的变迁进行了阐述,并在此基础上分析了该地区自然地理景观格局的变化与荒漠化的关系.结果表明,黑河流域荒漠化的发生、发展与自然地理景观变迁有紧密的联系,两者之间相互作用,相互影响.     

Predicting the distributions of plant species at the regional scale: a hierarchical matrix model

This paper describes a model which links four levels in an ecological hierarchy using a series of matrices. The four levels are landscape, land cover type, community and species. Each matrix quantifies the probabilistic associations between entities in two adjacent levels in the hierarchy. A landscape classification (1 km resolution) provides a spatial element to the model enabling the distributions of species to be predicted and presented as maps within a geographical information system (GIS). Implementation of the model in Northern England is described. The distributions of 579 species of plants were predicted and compared with data from independent field surveys. The predicted distributions were found to be accurate for 59 % of species. The distributions of rare and non-native (introduced) species of plant were relatively poorly predicted. The potential of this approach to model plant species distributions is discussed.     

株洲主要地类波谱特征研究

地物波谱是指地物反射电磁波能力的大小 ,不同地物具有不同的反射波谱值 .将株洲地区的地类粗略地划分为水、裸露地、居民点和植被 4大类 ,利用遥感图像处理软件 ERMAPPER6.1,在对航空和航天遥感信息源进行处理的基础上 ,对各地类的波谱值和波谱特性进行了详细研究 .结果表明 :相似地类具有相近的波谱分布 ,不同地类具有不同的波谱分布 ;同一地类因信息源、地理位置和时相不同而具有不同的波谱值 ,其分布表现为一个域 ,不同地类的域值差异较大 ;不同地类的波谱值严重交叉 .这说明地物同波谱特征值之间不是简单的一一对应关系 ,而是一种复杂的映射关系