新疆北屯绿洲弃耕农田的植被变化特征

在北屯绿洲选择了3组不同年限的次生盐渍化弃耕农田,分别计算了样地内每种植物的重要值,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数测定了生物多样性.结果表明:3组群落组成存在显著差异,优势种更替明显.3组群落构成依次为,一年生草本、一年生草本 多年生小半灌木、多年生草本 灌木.物种多样性表现为2年群落＞5年群落＞13年群落;群落均匀度表现为2年群落＞5年群落,而5年与13年群落相当,但是生态优势度却表现出与物种多样性相反的趋势,即2年群落＜5年群落＜13年群落.     

Neutral models for testing landscape hypotheses

Neutral landscape models were originally developed to test the hypothesis that human-induced fragmentation produces patterns distinctly different from those associated with random processes. Other uses for neutral models have become apparent, including the development and testing of landscape metrics to characterize landscape pattern. Although metric development proved to be significant, the focus on metrics obscured the need for iterative hypothesis testing fundamental to the advancement of the discipline. We present here an example of an alternative neutral model and hypothesis designed to relate the process of landscape change to observed landscape patterns. The methods and program, QRULE, are described and options for statistical testing outlined. The results show that human fragmentation of landscapes results in a non-random association of land-cover types that can be describe by simple statistical methods. Options for additional landscape studies are discussed and access to QRULE described in the hope that these methods will be employed to advance our understanding of the processes that affect the structure and function in human dominated landscapes.     

Linking Land-use, Water Body Type and Water Quality in Southern New Zealand

Land-use and vegetation cover have been linked to the nutrient levels (nitrogen, phosphorus) of surface waters in several countries. However, the links generally relate to streams and rivers, or to specific types of standing water, for example shallow lakes in a geologically defined region. We measured physical variables and nutrient chemistry of 45 water bodies representative of the wide range of lentic wetland environments (swamps, riverine wetlands, estuaries, reservoirs, shallow lakes, deep lakes) in Otago, New Zealand, and related these to catchment variables and land-use in order to assess the potential influence of catchment modification on water quality of these diverse wetlands. Catchment boundaries and land cover were derived from maps using ArcView GIS software. Our predictions that concentrations of nutrients and other components of water quality would correlate positively with the nature and intensity of catchment modification were confirmed in multivariate analyses. Physical and chemical measures were positively related to the extent of modification in the catchment (percentage of the catchment in pasture, planted forest, scrub and urban areas), and negatively related to lack of catchment modification (more of the catchment in bare ground, tussock grassland and indigenous forest). The strong negative correlations between nutrient concentrations, suspended sediment, water colour and the percentage of tussock cover in the catchment imply that increased conversion of the␣native tussock grassland to pastoral farming in␣Otago will increase nutrient concentrations and␣reduce water quality of the diverse lentic ecosystems.     

"黑土型"退化草地人工植被施肥试验研究

采用四因素二次通用回归旋转设计,以产草量为标准对“黑土型”退化草地上人工植被的施肥时间和氮磷钾的用量进行2年定位试验,建立牧草产量函数模型。结果表明,单因素增产效应为施肥当年:氮肥>磷肥>钾肥>施肥时间;第2年:氮肥>磷肥>施肥时间>钾肥。确定“黑土型”退化草地上人工植被的施肥组合方案为施肥时间在分蘖~7月上旬、N:75~130 kg/hm2、P2O5:50.0~112.5 kg/hm2、少施或不施钾肥,可取得较高的产量和经济效益。同时,为获得较高牧草产量,以每2年施肥1次为好。     

草地植被盖度的近距离遥感测定

盖度或者覆盖度是植物群落结构的一个重要数量指标。通常的目视估测植物群落盖度方法不仅精度低,而且因人而异。本研究采用近距离遥感方法测定草地植物群落盖度,该方法主要包括数据获取、图像处理、像元数量提取和盖度计算4个部分。精度评价表明,该方法测定的绿色植被盖度误差很小,与目视估测方法比较,它具有客观、一致和精度高的优点。     

不同退耕模式林草初夏小气候效应

通过对安塞县几种不同类型退耕还林还草模式,如混交林、人工灌木林、野生灌木林及林中革地进行了小气候观测,分析了不同退耕模式林草配置下的主要小气候特征,采用平行对比观测法定点定时观测了空气温湿度,土壤温度,水面蒸发并与对照裸地进行了对比.结果表明4种不同退耕模式林草配置在6月高温时期能显著降低空气温度和地表温度的日均值,提高空气湿度和土壤湿度,减少水面蒸发等,具有明显的调节功能.4种不同退耕模式日平均空气温度变化呈不对称的单峰曲线,较对照裸地可以降低0.41℃～1.2℃;0～20 cm各深度的土壤温度基本都是混交林＜人工灌木林＜野生灌木林＜林中草地＜对照裸地,混交林内地面最高温度为34.78℃,明显比对照裸地42.54℃低;空气相对湿度日动态呈"U"型变化,其中对照裸地相对温度日均值最低,混交林日均值最大,为55.2%,比对照裸地高3.95%;水面蒸发量为裸地最大,混交林及灌木林能有效减少水面蒸发,减少量较对照裸地可达50.54%和55.20%.     

半湿润雨养农业区油菜冠层反射光谱与覆盖度的相关分析

以黄土高原甘肃庆阳西峰为半湿润雨养农区典型代表,分析研究油菜营养生长阶段苗期、蕾苔期和生殖生长阶段初期开花始期的冠层反射光谱特征与其覆盖度的相关性.结果表明,这几个时期油菜覆盖度与450、550、650、850、1650nm波段反射率存在明显的相关关系,尤其是蕾苔期,相关关系达到极显著水平.另外,研究了10个常用的植被指数同油菜覆盖度间的相关关系,这10个植被指数同油菜覆盖度存在着极显著的相关关系,相关性高于同单波段反射率间的关系.并且,利用各时期最优的2个植被指数建立了油菜覆盖度线性及非线性回归监测模型,方程的拟合度都较好.苗期,线形和非线性回归模型拟合程度差异不大,蕾苔期,以线性方程拟合精度较其它方程高;开花始期则以指数模型拟合精度高.     

陕北黄土高原生态资产与区域生态安全程度研究

在GIS支持下,通过测定陕北黄土高原植被生产和生态调节的物质量及生态资产价值.结果表明:①通过计算,陕北黄土高原每年的生态资产总价值为7.00×1010元,其中释放氧气的价值最高,占总价值的29.51%;土壤保持价值最小,占总价值的1.5%.而就植被类型而言,果树的生态价值最高,占总价值的43.89%;最小是沼泽,占总价值的0.4%.②通过地理信息系统与生态学的结合,对陕北黄土高原的生态资产进行定量测量,并利用GIS软件的空间分析功能,绘制了陕北黄土高原生态资产价值空间分布图.③陕北黄土高原生态安全程度为0.45,处于生态不安全状态,负荷超载,要狠抓生态建设.④针对陕北黄土高原环境现状,提出相应的治理对策.     

夏季覆盖盐碱地表面对土壤盐分和水分的影响

在干旱区土壤水分蒸发损失引起土壤盐分表聚是土壤次生盐碱化的一个重要原因.在夏季高温时节,采用塑料薄膜、麦草和沙子覆盖盐碱地表面,结果表明,具有较好地改良盐碱地的作用.塑料薄膜宜采用全地面覆盖,麦草的覆盖量应为2 934.8 kg/hm2;沙子的覆盖厚度以4 cm为宜.覆盖后对土壤中各离子的抑制作用顺序为:K Na ＞ Cl-＞ SO42-＞Mg2 ＞HCO3-＞Ca2 .3种覆盖材料以塑料薄膜效果最佳.     

应用MODIS数据估算草地生物量

利用新一代EOS/MODIS卫星遥感数据,针对MODIS的应用特点,借鉴国内外基于遥感手段监测植被的方法以及植被指数的研究进展.以天山北坡乌鲁木齐南郊的草地为研究区,通过野外实地采样得到与MODIS影像资料时相一致的草地地上生物量数据.并利用ENVI软件,提取典型区各样点的植被指数,分析遥感植被指数与植被生物量的相关关系,从而建立植被指数在不同季节草甸和草原的生物量估测模型.