茶翅蝽沟卵蜂生物学特性和自然种群动态

茶翅蝽沟卵蜂是茶翅蝽卵期的主要天敌.该蜂雄性先行羽化,1粒寄生卵内出蜂1头,刚羽化的雌蜂即可交配、产卵寄生,每雌平均怀卵量为40.6粒.雌蜂能寄生不同日龄的寄主卵,越新鲜的寄主卵寄生成功率越高.温度与该蜂的发育历期、寿命密切相关,30 ℃时发育历期最短,寿命最短.全代发育起点温度和有效积温分别是12.2 ℃和132.5 d·℃.补充20%的蜂蜜水能延长成蜂寿命.成虫在田间的2个发生高峰期,分别是6月中下旬和7月下旬-8月上旬.     

Nitrogen Dynamics in Cropping Systems in Southern Malawi Containing Gliricidia sepium, Pigeonpea and Maize

This study tested the hypothesis that incorporation of green leaf manure (GLM) from leguminous trees into agroforestry systems may provide a substitute for inorganic N fertilisers to enhance crop growth and yield. Temporal and spatial changes in soil nitrogen availability and use were monitored for various cropping systems in southern Malawi. These included Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. trees intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.), with and without pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.), sole maize, sole pigeonpea, sole gliricidia and a maize + pigeonpea intercrop. Soil mineral N was determined before and during the 1997/1998, 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 cropping seasons. Total soil mineral N content (NO₃⁻ + NH₄⁺) was greatest in the agroforestry systems (p<0.01). Pre-season soil mineral N content in the 0–20 cm horizon was greater in treatments containing trees (≤85 kg N ha⁻¹) than in those without (<60 kg ha⁻¹; p<0.01); however, soil mineral N content declined rapidly during the cropping season. Uptake of N was substantially greater in the agroforestry systems (200–270 kg N ha⁻¹) than in the maize + pigeonpea and sole maize treatments (40–95 kg N ha⁻¹; p<001). Accumulation of N by maize was greater in the agroforestry systems than in sole maize and maize + pigeonpea (p<0.01); grain accounted for 55% of N uptake by maize in the agroforestry systems, compared to 41–47% in sole maize and maize + pigeonpea. The agroforestry systems enhanced soil fertility because mineralisation of the applied GLM increased pre-season soil mineral N content. However, this could not be fully utilised as soil N declined rapidly at a time when maize was too small to act as a major sink for N. Methods for reducing losses of mineral N released from GLM are therefore required to enhance N availability during the later stages of the season when crop requirements are greatest. Soil mineral N levels and maize yields were similar in the gliricidia + maize and gliricidia + maize + pigeonpea treatments, implying that addition of pigeonpea to the tree-based system provided no additional improvement in soil fertility.     

Change in soil mineral nitrogen and respiration following tree harvesting from an agrisilvicultural system in Sweden

The effect of tree harvesting on soil mineral nitrogen and microbiological activity were investigated in an agrisilvicultural system consisting of wheat cultivated along the sides of a poplar plantation in Sweden from 1993 to 1995. Sampling for mineral nitrogen was carried out in three layers down to 90 cm at two distances, near (0.5–1.5 m) and far (4.0–5.0 m) from rows of standing, ST, and harvested trees, HT. Sampling for basic respiration and substrate-induced respiration was carried out in the 0–10 cm layer in 1993 and in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in 1994 at the same distances from trees.There was a higher concentration of ammonium and lower concentration of nitrate closer to trees, indicating an efficient uptake of nitrate by trees and enhanced N mineralization close to trees. Shortly after tree harvesting, there were higher concentrations of nitrate and ammonium in the 0–30 cm soil layer near the harvested trees than near standing trees, suggesting a derease in nitrogen uptake by tree roots. The soil microbiological activity was lower in the harvested than the standing plots of trees, which is considered as an indication of the important role of root exudates in maintaining a larger microbial biomass close to trees.     

广东封开黑石顶一种亚热带常绿阔叶林群落演替动态研究

运用Ｗ．比特利希的可变样圆半径的角规标准地法，在广东封开黑石顶自然保护区选择一种亚热带常绿阔叶林群落，随机布设２０个可变半径为５０Ｄ（Ｄ为林木胸径）的调查样圆。调查研究该群落的植物区系及各个树种的密度、相对密度、频度、相对频度、显著度、相对显著度及重要值并据此确定群落的优势及亚优势种；运用分层株数及频度的方法思想把群落按树种分为下层：Ⅰ层，１０ｍ以下；Ⅱ层，１０—２０ｍ；Ⅲ层，２０ｍ以上。根据同一树种在以上三层中频度和株数的变化规律及该树种的生态学和生物学特性，初步把该群落的主要树种划分为四种类型：衰退型：如马尾松、福建青冈、米椎；进展型：如黄果厚壳桂、红鳞蒲桃、显脉新木姜；稳定型：如绒英红豆、短花序楠；待变型：如小硬叶楠、铁榄等。应用分层频度（株数）法不仅可以预测某一植物群落区系的未来群落优势种，及未来群落上层树种的结构动态，还可以作为群落是否达到顶极状态的一项数量判别方法。     

湖南城步金童山亮叶水青冈群落研究

在金童山森林生态系统中,亮叶水青冈群落是其中最重要的类型。本文用定性和定量的方法对亮叶水青冈(Fagus lucida)群落特征、结构、类型、动态、利用与保护进行初步研究,结果表明:①亮叶水青冈种群重要值达222.472 8,表现为相对纯林;②群落的物种多样性较低;③亮叶水青冈径级株数曲线呈近似正态分布;④亮叶水青冈群落处于“顶极群落”阶段;⑤以保护为前提,加强亮叶水青冈的科学利用和开发。     

毛竹林养分动态与产量关系的研究

毛竹林４年定位（定点、定株、定时）的试验研究表明，竹叶、竹根和根间土的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ浓度均存在季节、年度的变化，并与竹林生长特点和产量有密切关系。叶和根中的养分随其年龄增加而减少，叶龄相同者养分浓度基本相似。孕笋期土壤和竹叶中磷的作用大于氮，出笋期土壤水解氮的含量与出笋、成竹数的关系密切。从而，为营养诊断和合理施肥提供了基础理论依据。     

稻瘟病菌生理小种消长动态及其变异的研究

1981～1990连续10年进行稻瘟病菌生理小种类群及分布的研究,先后对总计435个菌株鉴定为7群12～18个小种。在明确各地区小种分布的同时,确定各地优势小种一直为ZG群,与生产上栽培品种抗性保持相对稳定的情况相一致。用日本单基因品种对多数菌株进行致病力测定,具有Pi—Z~t,Pi—b,Pi—ta,Pi—ta~2,Pi—K~m基因型的品种致病率较低,对其它基因型品种致病率较高。稻瘟病菌变异的研究表明,从不同地区,不同品种的穗颈稻瘟病斑上分离的单孢,接种鉴定所属小种有差异;同一病斑上多次继代分离的单孢,其生理小种差异也很大。由此证明稻瘟病菌生理小种有很大变异性。     

Experimental Study for the Movement of Liquid Droplets on the Surface with Gradient Surface Energy

By using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a surface with gradient surface energy is fabricated based on the treated silicon chip. The dodecyltrichlorosilane (C_(12)H_(25)Cl_3Si) and Octrytrichlorosilane (C_(8)H_(17)Cl_3Si) are used as the source of silanization. By using the measurement of sessile drop method, the surface with gradient surface energy was characterized by measuring the contact angle of small water which lied on the surface of the treated silicon chip. The experiment shows the liquid droplets are driven to move from hydrophobic to hydrophilic zone on the gradient surface which is placed horizontally, the diameter of the droplets are 1~3 mm, and the single droplet reached the maximum velocity of up to 0.9 m/s. Based on the experimental results, the mechanical of the movement of the liquid droplet on the gradient surface is researched.     

The Technique of Suppressing Noise for Contact Image Sensor Based on Correlated Double Sampling

The simple principle of Contact Image Sensor (CIS) and the noise types existed in CIS are introduced. The theory of suppressing these noise types for CIS by using Correlated Double Sampling(CDS) is described,and the timing relationship between driving signals CP/SP that CIS required and sampling-holding signals SH1/SH2 are also analyzed,these signals are produced by using Complex Programmable Logic Device(CPLD). CDS circuit principle is analyzed,and experiment of suppressing noise for CIS based on CDS is made. The experiment shows that satisfying results are obtained by using the technique of suppressing noise for CIS based on CDS.     

Engineering Memoir and Features Analysis of Dynamics Phenomena in Yanshitai Mine

The depth of coal mining in Yanshitai mine is over 600 m,dynamics phenomena have been occurred of ter during mining ahd excavating.On the basis of research in Yanshitai mine,this paper recorded the geology and mechanics model of typical dynamics phenomena based on the mining and geology conditions,which have been applied for the mechanism of dynamics phenomena and studied with catastrophe.Meanwhile,the features and influence factor have been studied,and they can be references for mine hazards.