遗传算法在离心泵叶片优化设计中的应用

对遗传算法在流体机械优化设计中的应用现状作了较为全面的总结；提出了将遗传算法应用于离心泵叶片优化设计中，分析了遗传算法在离心泵优化设计中应用的可行性以及存在的问题；对离心泵优化设计的发展提出了一些新建议和尝试。     

压电驱动微悬臂梁与基底粗糙面间多次接触分析

基于压电原理,在考虑黏着、微凸体间相互作用、基底弹塑性变形及微悬臂梁弹性恢复等基础上,运用ABAQUS动态模拟分析了压电薄膜驱动下微悬臂梁末端与基底粗糙面间的接触。结果表明:每次压电驱动接触过程中均存在数次明显的接触-分离情形,梁与基底在无电压作用后2~4μs内仍出现黏合,分离期间粗糙表面发生小部分的弹塑性变形,其中最大残余应力值处于接触区域边缘;随着压电驱动次数的增加,基底发生塑性变形区域不断向两边扩展,表面间黏合作用增强,影响系统接触的可靠性。     

悬架橡胶件对汽车平顺性影响的多体动力学分析

应用有限元分析了汽车减振器橡胶支撑件的弹性特性,在此基础上,应用SIM PACK软件建立了整车多体动力学模型,分析了橡胶支撑件的刚度、阻尼对汽车行驶平顺性的影响。分析结果表明：在车身共振区,橡胶件对地板加速度功率谱影响较小,但在4-13Hz中频区,即人体比较敏感的范围内,橡胶件可以使地板加速度功率谱峰值减小6.5%-25.4%,因此悬架橡胶件对汽车行驶平顺性有明显的改善。此外,还得出对于刚度较大的橡胶件应选取较小阻尼,对于较软的橡胶件,可以忽略阻尼影响的结论。     

复配剂中霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中残留动态研究

采用田间试验方法，研究了霜脲氰在马铃薯及土壤中的残留动态，应用液相色谱法测定了霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中的残留量。结果表明，霜脲氰在马铃薯和土壤中消解较快，半衰期分别为2．26d和5．75d，施药3240g ai·hm^-23次时，末次施药距收获间隔28d，霜脲氰的残留量在马铃薯中低于0．0098mg·kg^-1，在土壤中为ND-0．0100mg·kg^-1。该药属易分解农药（％〈30d），按推荐使用剂量使用是安全的。     

金属体积成形过程的无网格RPIM方法分析

建立了基于无网格径向点插值RPIM法的二维体积成形动态显式计算模型.采用具有Delta函数性质的RPIM形函数构造位移域，因此可以很方便地施加本质边界条件.基于防御节点法给出了二维接触碰撞问题的接触力计算方法，避免罚函数法罚因子选择问题，以及拉格朗日乘子法不适合显式算法的问题.采用完全拉格朗日格式和弹塑性本构关系解决金属体积成形过程所涉及的几何非线性和材料非线性问题，并通过将工件变形分解为偏量部分和体积部分，有效消除金属体积成形中的体积自锁现象.数值算例表明，该算法可方便准确处理大变形畸变问题，是模拟金属体积成形过程的一种有效方法.     

Legume–barley intercropping stimulates soil N supply and crop yield in the succeeding durum wheat in a rotation under rainfed conditions

Legume–cereal intercropping is increasingly being appreciated in dryland areas, where severe climatic conditions and intensive agricultural practices, generally dominated by continuous cereal cultivation, determine depletion of soil nutrient resources and decline of soil fertility. This research aimed to assess whether and to what extent a newly introduced legume-based intercropping system is able to ameliorate the biological fertility status of an arable soil in a way that is still noticeable during the succeeding durum wheat cropping season in terms of changes in bacterial community structure, soil C and N pools, and crop yield. A field experiment was carried out under rainfed conditions in Southern Italy on a sandy clay loam soil cultivated with durum wheat following in the rotation a recently established grain legume (pea, faba bean)–barley intercropping. Soil chemical, biochemical and eco-physiological variables together with compositional shifts in the bacterial community structure by LH-PCR fingerprinting were determined at four sampling times during the durum wheat cropping season. Soil fertility was estimated by using a revised version of the biological fertility index. Results showed that even though the microbial biomass was significantly altered, the preceding legume intercrops stimulated C-related functional variables thus leading to an increased release of mineral N, which was larger in crop treatments succeeding pea-based than faba bean-based intercropping. The increased N made available in soil enabled the succeeding durum wheat to achieve an adequate grain yield with a reduced N-fertilizer use. Soil type and environmental conditions rather than crop treatments were major determinants of bacterial community structure. The biological fertility status was not varied, suggesting that in intensively managed rainfed areas long-term crop rotations with intercropped legumes are needed to consistently ameliorate it.     

Excessive nitrogen application decreases grain yield and increases nitrogen loss in a wheat–soil system

Abstract

Excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in wheat fields has led to elevated NO₃-N concentrations in groundwater and reduced N use efficiency. Three-year field and ¹⁵N tracing experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of N application rates on N uptake from basal and topdressing ¹⁵N, N use efficiency, and grain yield in winter wheat plants; and determine the dynamics of N derived from both basal and topdressing ¹⁵N in soil in high-yielding fields. The results showed that 69.5–84.5% of N accumulated in wheat plants derived from soil, while 6.0–12.5%and 9.2–18.1% derived from basal ¹⁵N and top ¹⁵N fertilizer, respectively. The basal N fertilizer recovery averaged 33.9% in plants, residual averaged 59.2% in 0–200 cm depth soil; the topdressing N fertilizer recovery averaged 50.5% in plants, residual averaged 48.2% in 0–200 cm soil. More top ¹⁵N was accumulated in plants and more remained in 0–100 cm soil rather than in 100–200 cm soil at maturity, compared with the basal ¹⁵N. However, during the period from pre-sowing to pre-wintering, the soil nitrate moved down to deeper layers, and most accumulated in the layers below 140 cm. With an increase of N fertilizer rate, the proportion of the N derived from soil in plants decreased, but that derived from basal and topdressing fertilizer increased; the proportion of basal and top ¹⁵N recovery in plants decreased, and that of residual in soil increased. A moderate application rate of 96–168 kg N ha^?1 led to increases in nitrate content in 0–60 cm soil layer, N uptake amount, grain yield and apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N in wheat. Applying above 240 kg N ha^?1 promoted the downward movement of basal and top ¹⁵N and soil nitrate, but had no significant effect on N uptake amount; the excessive N application also obviously decreased the grain yield, N uptake efficiency, apparent recovery fraction of applied fertilizer N, physiological efficiency and internal N use efficiency. It is suggested that the appropriate application rate of nitrogen on a high-yielding wheat field was 96–168 kg N ha^?1.     

21世纪头十年徐州市鸟类种群变化

对徐州市1999年和2012年间鸟的种类和数量变化进行了分析.两次调查结果表明,总的种数变化不大,但种的组成变化较大,两次调查中均出现的种仅占总种数的50％左右.     

泡泡树不同品种果实性状差异及生长动态分析

对引种的泡泡树4个品种果实单果重、纵径、横径、果形指数及生长动态进行了初步研究，结果表明不同品种间单株结果量存在较大差异。根据当前单株结果量和果实性状表现，筛选出Mary Foos Johnson和Overleese两个早期丰产的优良品种；同时发现各品种之间果实横径和纵径大小存在差异。4个泡泡树品种的纵横径变化在泡泡果实成熟前期都随着时间的增加而增大。     

赣南脐橙园蜘蛛优势种的季节动态及与气象因子的相关分析

赣南脐橙园蜘蛛已知13科38种。脐橙树冠层蜘蛛优势种有3种，其中草间钻头蛛(Hylyphantes graminicola)全年以5 - 6月及9 - 10月份的发生数量最大；斑管巢蛛(Clubiona deletrix)在7 - 10月份发生量较大，2 - 3月份的数量明显减少；鳞纹肖蛸(Tetragnatha squamata)在4月和12月份的种群数量较多，而6 - 9月份较少见到。地面层蜘蛛优势种有2种，其中草间钻头蛛的季节消长同样具有两个高峰期，但跨度较少，仅在6月份和10月份出现；拟水狼蛛(Pirata subpiraticus)种群数量在3月份达到最高峰，在12月份处于低谷。不同季节脐橙树冠层草间钻头蛛和斑管巢蛛的发生数量都与平均气温和日照时数呈显著或极显著正相关，而鳞纹肖蛸的季节发生数量与平均气温间为显著负相关；地面层拟水狼蛛的数量季节变动与相对湿度和降雨量间表现出极显著的正相关性。