生物质炭对贵州黄壤朝天椒减氮的生物效应及氮肥利用率的影响

为探究生物质炭对贵州黄壤朝天椒减氮的施用效果,采用大田试验,研究了生物质炭与氮肥减量配施(CF_(100)B_0(化肥氮100%)、CF_(90)B_(10)(化肥氮90%+生物质炭氮10%)、CF_(85)B_(15)(化肥氮85%+生物质炭氮15%)、CF_(80)B_(20)(化肥氮80%+生物质炭氮20%))对贵州黄壤朝天椒产量、品质、养分积累和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥(CF_(100)B_0)处理相比,CF_(90)B_(10)处理可提高朝天椒产量,其中鲜椒增产7.3%、干椒增产2.5%,但是增产效果并不显著,而CF_(85)B_(15)和CF_(80)B_(20)处理的产量略有降低;生物质炭与氮肥减量配施处理可显著影响朝天椒果实中的硝酸盐和Vc含量,其中,CF_(90)B_(10)、CF_(85)B_(15)和CF_(80)B_(20)处理的硝酸盐含量降低了4.8%～8.9%,而CF_(90)B_(10)处理的Vc含量则较CF_(100)B_0处理提高了9.6%,但还原糖和游离氨基酸含量在各处理间无差异;此外,与CF_(100)B_0处理相比,生物质炭与氮肥减量配施可使氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)提高2.08～2.62 kg·kg~(-1),以CF_(90)B_(10)处理最高,而氮肥农学效率(AE_N)和氮肥表观利用率(RE_N)则随着生物质炭替代化学氮肥比例的增加呈降低趋势,以CF_(90)B_(10)处理的AE_N和RE_N最高,分别为7.70 kg·kg~(-1)和40.3%。综上,生物质炭与氮肥减量配施可有效保证贵州朝天椒稳产增效,因此,短期条件下推荐生物质炭替代化学氮肥10%作为贵州黄壤朝天椒氮肥减施替代的最适比例。     

减氮配施有机肥对夏玉米——冬小麦土壤硝态氮及氮肥利用的影响

为实现华北平原夏玉米-冬小麦的高产及氮肥的高效利用,采用田间小区试验方法,研究了氮肥减量及其与有机肥配施对夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系内土壤硝态氮分布及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明:与不施氮处理(CK)相比,施用氮肥增加了冬小麦和夏玉米的生物量和产量,而在农民习惯施氮基础上减量1/3不会显著影响到生物量和产量。其中减氮配施有机肥(ONM)处理的周年总产最高,相比习惯施氮(CN)和减氮处理(ON)分别提高了1.85%和3.78%。处理CN的0~180 cm土壤硝态氮累积量的周年变化均值达502.7 kg hm^-2,分别是处理CK、ONM、ON的2.95、2.17、1.56倍。与处理CN相比,处理ONM显著降低了剖面(0~180 cm)土壤中的硝态氮含量,其中在夏玉米季和冬小麦季的降低幅度分别为18.1%~66.7%和37.3%~87.2%。处理ON和ONM相比处理CN,植株周年总吸氮量无显著性差异,氮肥利用率却得到了显著提高。其中处理ONM的周年氮肥利用最高,比处理CN提高了36.9%。综合分析,减氮与有机肥配施不仅显著降低了0~180 cm土壤硝态氮含量,大幅度提高了氮肥利用率,且有助于增加冬小麦和夏玉米的生物量及产量。     

土壤活性有机碳测定方法的改良

土壤碳库是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库,活性有机碳作为土壤碳库中最活跃的组分,对土壤碳含量的变化和碳排放具有较好的指示作用。目前活性有机碳的测定主要采用333 mmol L^-1KMnO_4氧化方法,然而该方法存在诸多不足,需要进行改良。采用改良方法(1:0.2 K_2Cr_2O_7-H_2SO_4)和KMnO_4法测定我国农田生态系统5个长期施肥站点土壤活性有机碳的含量。两种方法测定的土壤活性有机碳含量存在极显著的线性回归关系,且在各地点和施肥处理下均呈极显著的线性关系;改良方法测定的标准误和变异系数都比KMnO_4方法低;并且改良方法所需设备简单、操作简便快速等优点。因此本研究的改良方法与KMnO_4法相比具有一定的优势,可以考虑作为土壤活性有机碳测定的改良方法。     

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics Tools: A Rapid and Non-Destructive Alternative on Soil Evaluation

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid, non-destructive and accurate technique for analyzing a wide variety of samples, thus, the growing interest of using this technique in soil science. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of NIR spectroscopy to predict organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P) and available potassium (K) in the soil. NIR spectra from 20 cm³ of soil samples were acquired on the range of 750 to 2500 nm in diffuse reflectance mode, resolution of 16 cm^?1 and 64 scans. Eight models of calibration/validation were constructed. Calibration and validation models showed that the predictive potential of NIR varied with the specific soil property (OC, TN, P and K) under evaluation and according to the methodology employed in the model construction (cross-validation or test set). Good prediction models were obtained for OC and TN content based on the statistical parameters. Test set methodology was able to predict soil OC, TN, P, and K better than cross-validation methodology.     

The Contribution of Various Components to pH Buffering Capacity of Acrisols in Southeastern Vietnam

This paper examined the contribution of various soil components to pH buffering capacity (pH_BC) of haplic Acrisols in an upland area of Southeastern Vietnam. Sampling was conducted in 2016 in Tan Bien district, Tay Ninh province at seven sites from the surface to 60-cm depth. Soils were very acidic (pH_H2O 4.53 ± 0.05). The pH_BC were very low, 0.46 ± 0.04 and 0.44 ± 0.05 cmol H⁺ kg^?1 pH^?1, respectively, for original samples and those from which soil organic carbon (SOC, 0.52 ± 0.09%) were removed. The contribution of Al³⁺ to pH_BC was remarkable while that of SOC was of little significance. The contribution of clay minerals to pH_BC was unclear due to the low (9.37 ± 0.76%) and kaolinite-dominated clay content. The current soil conditions indicated a potential for further soil acidification. Liming would be one of the measures to remediate soil acidity in the research area.     

Predicting Rice Yield Under Salinity Stress Using K/Na Ratio Variable in Plant Tissue

Estimation of yield reduction in crop caused by the salinity stress is mostly based on variations of soil electrical conductivity and the severity of water stress. Crop response curves to salinity were developed without considering ion toxicity and nutritional imbalance in the plant. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of using the ratio of the concentration of potassium by sodium in rice leaf (leaf-K/Na) to predict yield under the salinity stress. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield under fresh and saline condition and the leaf-K/Na related database was created. Data were collected from consecutive three seasons of a field experiment in the Africa Rice Center experimental farm in Senegal (16° 11? N, 16° 15?W). We studied the relationship between the relative yield (Y_r), a ratio of yield under the salinity stress to the potential yield and the leaf-K/Na (x). Furthermore, we did regression analyses and F-test to determine the best fitting function. Results indicate that the exponential function [i.e. Y_r = 100 exp (-b x)] was the best fitting model with the lowest root mean square error (9.683) and the highest R² value (0.90). Example applications on independent data from published papers showed relatively good predictions, suggesting that the model can be used to predict rice yield in saline soils.     

Immediate and subsequent effects of drying and rewetting on microbial biomass in a paddy soil

Many surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities induced higher reduction rates in MBC. A reduction of more than 20% in MBC induced the C-saturated conditions for surviving microbes because sufficient concentrations of labile substrate C were released from the dead MBC. Second, repeated DRW cycles caused increases in the microbial growth rates because substrate C was supplied from non-biomass organic C. In conclusion, MBC decreased immediately after DRW due to microbial stress, whereas MBC increased during repeated DRW cycles due to substrate C supplied from non-biomass organic C.     

土地利用方式和地形对半干旱区土壤有机碳含量的影响

以内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗为研究对象,以实地调查数据为基础,结合土地利用方式与地形的变化,对敖汉旗0～100 cm深度土壤有机碳含量的空间分布特征进行了研究,旨在对地区碳储量的估算和科学利用土地资源起到积极的借鉴作用。结果表明,敖汉旗土壤有机碳含量在0～100 cm深度的土壤剖面内的变化范围为0.23～20.71 g/kg,主要集中在40 cm以上土层,且随着土层深度的增加土壤有机碳平均含量逐渐降低;各土地利用方式下土壤有机碳含量均表现为:林地农地草地。土壤有机碳含量主要富集在高海拔区的平缓地段;受土壤侵蚀的影响,当坡度10°后,不同土地利用类型的有机碳含量均显著降低。     

Effect of nitrogen addition on DOC leaching and chemical exchanges on canopy leaves in Guangdong Province,China

The impact of nitrogen(N)deposition on dissolved organic carbon(DOC)fractions in throughfall is not well understood.We performed a laboratory experiment and compared DOC leaching from canopy leaves after dipping leaves in pure water(control)and NH4NO3 solution(N-treatment)for 18 h.Net changes of DOC,NH4^+,NO3^-,SO4^2-,K^+,Mg^2+,Ca^2+and H^+contents after dipping leaves were determined by comparing solutions with and without leaves.We recorded no differences of DOC leaching between control and N-treatment,implying that N deposition had minor impacts on canopy DOC production.This confirmed that previous experiments testing the effects of N addition on DOC dynamics without considering the effects of the canopy reaction successfully described the real situation.We also confirmed the previously-reported canopy exchange process in spite of a high background N deposition at our study site.N-treatment significantly increased base cation leaching,especially K^+,and the increase was positively correlated with foliar NH4?retention.Net leaching of H^+and SO4^2-was not affected by the N-treatment.     

滨海沙地不同树种人工林生物量及凋落物碳氮养分归还

基于福州市滨海后沿沙地上营造的人工林的调查,以9年生尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)、木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)、纹荚相思(Acacia aulacocarpa)3种主要人工林为对象,采用Monsi分层切割法(乔木层)和样方收获法(草本层、凋落物层)获取这3种人工林的生物量,研究其生物量分配格局及凋落物碳氮养分归还。结果表明,尾巨桉乔木层地上部分生物量为49.950t·hm^-2,地下部分生物量为15.270t·hm^-2,分别占生态系统总生物量的62.08%和18.98%;草本层生物量为0.698t·hm^-2(0.87%);凋落物层生物量为14.539t·hm^-2(18.07%)。木麻黄乔木层地上部分生物量为51.630t·hm^-2,地下部分为20.270t·hm^-2,分别占生态系统总生物量的62.65%和24.60%;草本层生物量为0.017t·hm^-2(0.02%);凋落物层生物量为10.488t·hm^-2(12.73%)。纹荚相思乔木层地上部分生物量为51.130t·hm^-2,地下部分为13.760t·hm^-2,分别占生态系统总生物量的64.43%和17.34%;草本层生物量为0.093t·hm^-2(0.12%);凋落物层生物量为14.369t·hm^-2(18.11%)。3种人工林地上各器官生物量均表现为:树干>树枝>树皮>树叶。这3种人工林生态系统总生物量与乔木层生物量排序相同,表现为木麻黄(82.40t·hm^-2)>尾巨桉(80.46t·hm^-2)>纹荚相思(79.35t·hm^-2),且生物量分配格局均为乔木层>凋落物层>草本层。3种人工林的净生产力表现为木麻黄(16.21t·hm^-2·a^-1)>尾巨桉(14.00t·hm^-2·a^-1)>纹荚相思(12.51t·hm^-2·a^-1)。凋落物碳氮养分年总归还量表现为木麻黄(3.953t·hm^-2·a^-1)>尾巨桉(3.329t·hm^-2·a^-1)>纹荚相思(2.751t·hm^-2·a^-1)。