提高西藏大于零度年积温3000°C以上农区水热资源利用率探讨

西藏农区大于零度年积温3000° C以上的耕地面积约有6～7万公顷，每年只能种一季农作物，尤其是早熟的冬青稞和冬小麦在6月下旬成熟收获，此时才开始雨季，7、8、9三个月及10月的上半个月的水热资源没有利用。通过几年试验证明，在大于零度年积温3000度以上的农区耕地进行早熟粮食作物与经济作物套种、复种是可行的，不仅直接提高水、热、耕地资源利用率，提高种植指数，而且调整了农牧业种植结构，可作为用地养地、经济、社会、生态良性循环的新模式，发挥较好的经济、生态、社会效益。     

Evergreen broad-leaved forest improves soil water status compared with tea tree plantation in Ailao Mountains,Southwest China

Abstract

In this paper, the spatial-temporal dynamics of soil moisture content was investigated in an evergreen broad-leaved forest and a tea tree plantation in Ailao Mountains, which was dominated by Fagaceae (Castanopsis wattii and Lithocarpus xylocarpus). Soil moisture content was studied between January 2005 and December 2006 at different depths (from 0–150 cm) with a neutron probe. The results showed that mean soil moisture content in the evergreen broad-leaved forest was usually higher than in the tea tree plantation in the dry season, whereas it was lower than the tea tree plantation in the rainy season. In addition, mean soil moisture content was depth dependent, and in the 10–50 cm layer the spatial variability was due to the active root zone within this depth area in two types of land use. From 50–150 cm, the spatial variability was slightly increasing in the evergreen broad-leaved forest or relatively stable in the tea tree plantation. Our study also showed that soil moisture content was higher and more stable under the evergreen broad-leaved forest than the tea tree plantation, hence we stress that evergreen broad-leaved forest plays an important role in holding soil moisture. It is suggested that the protection of evergreen broad-leaved forest should be strengthened.     

祁连山区立体农业结构的初步研究

我国是个多山的国家,山地面积约占全部陆地面积的2/3。山区农业资源的合理利用,是我国农业现代化的重要内容。认识我国山区农业自然条件的垂直分异规律,确立立体农业生产结构,是山地合理开发利用的核心。本文试以祁连山区为例,就山地立体农业的合理结构作一分析。     

Simulation of pressure caused by multiplication and swelling of Erwinia amylovora in intercellular space of host tissue

WhenErwinia amylovora grows, in an intercellular space of a host, and fills this space, further multiplication or swelling may create a pressure, and may cause tearing of host tissue. Theoretically, this bacterial pressure equals the actual water potential of the host tissue minus the water potential at which the bacterial biomass would completely fill the intercellular space, but without exerting pressure.Simulation runs indicate that, when the pressure increases, the extracellular slime ofE. amylovora shrinks by releasing water, thus allowing further production of bacterial dry matter. The slime remains around the bacterial cells as a dense substance, low in water content, having a strong capacity to swell when the pressure induces tearing apart of the host tissue. Simulation runs show that the pressure attains its highest values at evening and night.Some fire blight symptoms that illustrate the evidence of bacterial pressure are discussed.     

黄河流域农业持续发展中的生态环境问题

黄河流域大部分地区地处半干旱，半温润偏旱地带，生态环境十分脆弱，本文分析、评价了黄河流域农业持续发展中的主要生态环境问题及其建设成就，并讨论了良化生态环境的一些基本对策。     

半湿润沙地凝结水的初步研究

本文通过一系列实地土壤凝结水（包括吸湿水）测定和实验，对所得的基本数据进行综合分析，提出土壤凝结水（包括吸湿水）的主要控制因素，是土壤的机械组成，尤以〈０．００１粘粒含量为主；土壤凝结水与气象条件密切相关，与０ｃｍ、５ｃｍ、１０ｃｍ地温和气温变化呈现相同周期，与相对湿度变化有相关关系。并说明林冠下沙地凝结水量变化比裸地凝结水量小。     

黄土高原人工草地的土壤水分动态及水土保持效益研究

通过９年观测，黄土高原人工草地土壤水分的季节性变化可划分为三个阶段，在此基础上模拟不同人工草地土壤水分的变化规律；随着牧草生育期的延长至第９年，人工草地土壤水分恢复程度逐渐减弱；沙打旺生存能力极强，能够高效地利用深层土壤贮水；用数学模型可以模拟不同人工草地的水土流失，将植被因子引入水土流失方程，可以定量描述对水土流失的影响；反映植被、土壤等因子与水土流失关系的复合因子Ａ￣１值，基本上代表不同人工草地水土流失状况。     

内蒙古赤峰市敖包小流域水土资源合理利用研究

调整农、林、牧结构，合理利用水土资源是干旱、半干旱低山丘陵区农业走出低谷，摆脱困境的重要措施之一。本文通过对敖包流域水土资源评价，系统环境辨识与诊断，明确系统发展优势和存在问题，运用系统工程的理论和方法确立了系统优化方案，为流域水土资源合理利用提供了决策依据。     

旱涝胁迫条件下稗草对大豆植株含氮量及蛋白质产量的影响

稗草生长明显降低了大豆籽粒蛋白质产量及氮素向其籽粒中的分配比例,而显著提高了大豆茎、叶、籽含氮量及氮素向其茎、叶中的分配比例。这种影响在座荚期渍涝 鼓粒期干旱条件下最为突出;稗草对大豆籽粒蛋白质生产的危害在幼苗期—开花期的渍涝条件下显著减轻,而在任一时期的干旱条件下均明显加重,且在座荚期的渍涝处理中比在幼苗期—开花期的渍涝处理中大。不同时期、不同旱涝胁迫处理对大豆籽粒蛋白质产量的降低程度不同,其中旱害远大于涝害,后期旱害大于前期旱害,先涝后旱的危害大于先旱后涝的危害,旱涝结合的危害大于只旱或只涝的危害;开花期大豆最不耐涝,鼓粒期最不耐旱。     

祁连山林区土壤水分条件的分析与评价

通过对祁连山林区云杉林、圆柏林、灌丛林和牧草地等4种主要植被类型土壤水分动态进行长期定位研究,揭示出生长季节内各植被类型的土壤水分动态变化规律.从土壤水分的变化特征,土壤水分有效性等几个方面对祁连山林区主要植被类型的土壤水分条件进行了分析与评价,表明祁连山林区主要植被类型的土壤水分垂直变化可分为土壤水分弱利用层、土壤水分利用层、土壤水分调节层;林地土壤水分的季节变化可分为土壤水分消耗期、土壤水分补偿期、土壤水分消退期、土壤水分稳定期4个时期.根据土壤水分对植物的有效性,将土壤水分划分为易效水、中效水和难效水三种状态,评价土壤水分有效性认为云杉林水分供应状况最好.